Shira Woolf History Source Based Summary – End of Apartheid 1
COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST & DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA
1990: Apartheid still in place, liberation movements banned BUT by end of 1994 = democracy
1985: Mandela offered conditional release à declined à discussion
Met Coetzee (minister of Justice) at Volks Hospital
15 AUGUST: Rubicon speech: Botha did not denounce the end of apartheid
1986: Gov. in state of emergency to end township revolts and SADF attacks
1987: talks denounced (declared wrong) by Botha à ANC accepted as main organisation speaking for
the oppressed
1989: Botha + Mandela met at Tynhuis à violence will continue but agreed to speak peace
Talks with ANC members in exile (Thabo Mbeki + Broderbund à Afrikaans and male secret society)
AUGUST 1989: OPERATION VULA + HARARE DECLERATION
Oliver Thambo (exiled 1960) sent ANC members weapons à mobilize resistance
HARARE DECLERATION: signed by ANC & front-line states à ‘possibly end to apartheid’
1. Lift state of emergency
2. End restrictions on political activity
3. Legalize political organisations
4. Release political prisoners
5. Stop political executions
(JAN 1989- Botha suffered stroke, 18 JANUARY 1989 F.W. De Klerk = president)
• FW De Klerk had willingness to find a different approach – changed the political environment
SEPTEMBER: National Intelligent service met with Mbeki & Zuma in Switzerland
Purpose of talks: find out what ANC motives are, links with communism? Was compromise possible?
2 FEBRUARY 1990: DE KLERK ADRESSES PARLIAMENT
à MAJOR REFROMS ANNOUNCED
Summary: Harare Declaration acknowledged and agreed to
1. Unbanning of political organisations
2. Release political prisoners
3. Ease restriction ban & censorship
4. Suspended death penalty
5. Willig to create new constitution
• Gained support but also condemned by Afrikaans right wing piliations (AWB)
CAUSE OF NP CHANGE OF POLICY
Collapse of Soviet Union à no ‘rooi gevaar’
Control pace of change àno apartheid àstill some power
1989: NP thought ANC weak = banned for 30 years
Weak military à defeat in Angola
Economy collapsing: sanctions + disinvestments
Effects of Bantu Education starting to show
11 FEBRUARY 1990: NELSON MANDELA RELEASED
à From Vitor Vester Prison in Paarl
Same day: addressed public at city hall- a loyal ANC member
à committed to struggle until right environment
Elected Deputy President of ANC. Public statement: ANC will negotiate
LATE 1990: guerrilla war ended. Exiles returned (Oliver Thambo)
Sanctions should be kept in place until democracy official
, Shira Woolf History Source Based Summary – End of Apartheid 2
1990-1991: START OF NEGOTIATIONS
People impatient for change
Township: unemployment + poverty (violence between Inkantha & ANC)
1990
First round of task PLANNED for April à called off by ANC (residents of Sebokeng killed by police, 12
January 1991)
Gov. made concessions so talks ca go ahead:
1. Goldstone commission appointed to investigate Sebokeng killings
2. Troops sent to stop ANC-Inkantah violence
3. Temporary indemnity to ANC exiles
TALKS ABOUT TALKS
MAY 1990: GROOT SCHUUR MINUTE
Identify obstacles preventing talks and overcome them
Spoke about: security, troops in townships, SOE, ongoing violence, political prisoners, return of exiles,
economic sanctions
AUG 1990: PRETORIA MINUTE
Agreement = ANC gives up arms struggle, gov. lifts SOE
1991
JUNE: Goldstone Commission discovered NP had secretly funded Inkatha (coz they against ANC) à
integrity of Gov. questioned
14 SEPTEMBER 1991: National Peace Accord (NPA)
à accelerated negotiations between political parties
à SADF = SANDF
CODESA 1 AND 2
à who would make up body to draw up new SA constitution
ANC = majority rule + constitution would be drawn up by democratically elected constituent assembly
NP= power- sharing. Believed constitution assembly would not protect rights of minorities
20 DECEMBER 1991 – CODESA FORMED TO DRAW UP INTRUM (NOT PERMINANT) CONSTITUTION
2 stage process …
1. Multiparty conference would draw up interim constitution
2. First elected party would use it as basis for drafting final
DECLERATION OF INTENT
SIGNED à committed to multiparty democracy
• Trade unions: COSATU, ANC, SACP = Tripartite Alliance
1992
WHITES ONLY REFERANDUM
BACKGROUND: opposed to removal of Apartheid laws à whites’ interests will be sold out
De Klerk called for referendum between whites à do they support CODESA? Yes.
BREAK DOWN OF TALKS
CODESA 2 – May 1992 à Collapse over fundamental disagreements
a) 17 JUNE 1992: BIOPATONG MASSACRE
ANC members killed by Inkantah Freedom fighters at funeral supported by a ‘Third Force’ that people
suspected to be the government
Results: 1. ANC broke up negotiations with NP
COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST & DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA
1990: Apartheid still in place, liberation movements banned BUT by end of 1994 = democracy
1985: Mandela offered conditional release à declined à discussion
Met Coetzee (minister of Justice) at Volks Hospital
15 AUGUST: Rubicon speech: Botha did not denounce the end of apartheid
1986: Gov. in state of emergency to end township revolts and SADF attacks
1987: talks denounced (declared wrong) by Botha à ANC accepted as main organisation speaking for
the oppressed
1989: Botha + Mandela met at Tynhuis à violence will continue but agreed to speak peace
Talks with ANC members in exile (Thabo Mbeki + Broderbund à Afrikaans and male secret society)
AUGUST 1989: OPERATION VULA + HARARE DECLERATION
Oliver Thambo (exiled 1960) sent ANC members weapons à mobilize resistance
HARARE DECLERATION: signed by ANC & front-line states à ‘possibly end to apartheid’
1. Lift state of emergency
2. End restrictions on political activity
3. Legalize political organisations
4. Release political prisoners
5. Stop political executions
(JAN 1989- Botha suffered stroke, 18 JANUARY 1989 F.W. De Klerk = president)
• FW De Klerk had willingness to find a different approach – changed the political environment
SEPTEMBER: National Intelligent service met with Mbeki & Zuma in Switzerland
Purpose of talks: find out what ANC motives are, links with communism? Was compromise possible?
2 FEBRUARY 1990: DE KLERK ADRESSES PARLIAMENT
à MAJOR REFROMS ANNOUNCED
Summary: Harare Declaration acknowledged and agreed to
1. Unbanning of political organisations
2. Release political prisoners
3. Ease restriction ban & censorship
4. Suspended death penalty
5. Willig to create new constitution
• Gained support but also condemned by Afrikaans right wing piliations (AWB)
CAUSE OF NP CHANGE OF POLICY
Collapse of Soviet Union à no ‘rooi gevaar’
Control pace of change àno apartheid àstill some power
1989: NP thought ANC weak = banned for 30 years
Weak military à defeat in Angola
Economy collapsing: sanctions + disinvestments
Effects of Bantu Education starting to show
11 FEBRUARY 1990: NELSON MANDELA RELEASED
à From Vitor Vester Prison in Paarl
Same day: addressed public at city hall- a loyal ANC member
à committed to struggle until right environment
Elected Deputy President of ANC. Public statement: ANC will negotiate
LATE 1990: guerrilla war ended. Exiles returned (Oliver Thambo)
Sanctions should be kept in place until democracy official
, Shira Woolf History Source Based Summary – End of Apartheid 2
1990-1991: START OF NEGOTIATIONS
People impatient for change
Township: unemployment + poverty (violence between Inkantha & ANC)
1990
First round of task PLANNED for April à called off by ANC (residents of Sebokeng killed by police, 12
January 1991)
Gov. made concessions so talks ca go ahead:
1. Goldstone commission appointed to investigate Sebokeng killings
2. Troops sent to stop ANC-Inkantah violence
3. Temporary indemnity to ANC exiles
TALKS ABOUT TALKS
MAY 1990: GROOT SCHUUR MINUTE
Identify obstacles preventing talks and overcome them
Spoke about: security, troops in townships, SOE, ongoing violence, political prisoners, return of exiles,
economic sanctions
AUG 1990: PRETORIA MINUTE
Agreement = ANC gives up arms struggle, gov. lifts SOE
1991
JUNE: Goldstone Commission discovered NP had secretly funded Inkatha (coz they against ANC) à
integrity of Gov. questioned
14 SEPTEMBER 1991: National Peace Accord (NPA)
à accelerated negotiations between political parties
à SADF = SANDF
CODESA 1 AND 2
à who would make up body to draw up new SA constitution
ANC = majority rule + constitution would be drawn up by democratically elected constituent assembly
NP= power- sharing. Believed constitution assembly would not protect rights of minorities
20 DECEMBER 1991 – CODESA FORMED TO DRAW UP INTRUM (NOT PERMINANT) CONSTITUTION
2 stage process …
1. Multiparty conference would draw up interim constitution
2. First elected party would use it as basis for drafting final
DECLERATION OF INTENT
SIGNED à committed to multiparty democracy
• Trade unions: COSATU, ANC, SACP = Tripartite Alliance
1992
WHITES ONLY REFERANDUM
BACKGROUND: opposed to removal of Apartheid laws à whites’ interests will be sold out
De Klerk called for referendum between whites à do they support CODESA? Yes.
BREAK DOWN OF TALKS
CODESA 2 – May 1992 à Collapse over fundamental disagreements
a) 17 JUNE 1992: BIOPATONG MASSACRE
ANC members killed by Inkantah Freedom fighters at funeral supported by a ‘Third Force’ that people
suspected to be the government
Results: 1. ANC broke up negotiations with NP
