, Chemical Equilibrium :
[ products ] ? Ki
✗ =
k > Q K > I favoured ( lies to
Kc =
[ reactants ]
=
products the
right)
reverse = ¥ KL Q K < I =
reactants favoured ( lies to the left )
Le Chatelier 's
Product +
,
favours that direction
Product ,
favours
opposite direction
^
V ↓ P towards
moves more
gas molecules
.
,
,
V P
^
towards less
moves
gas molecules
r
,
,
Endo : added →
forward
Exo : added → reverse
kw = [ thot ] [ OH]
-14
= / ✗ 10
pH = -
log [not] pH < 7
P"
-
[ thot ] =
10
pH > 7
[ ionised ]
Percentage ionisation : [ original ] ✗ 100
Approximation : 100 Ka < [Alo ,
x is negligible
Buffers
[ base]
pH =
pKa +
log [ acid ]
0,
=
Ksp saturated
0,
>
Ksp supersaturated (precipitate )
Q <
Ksp unsaturated
, Organic chemistry
1- meth
2- eth
3- prop
4- but
5- pent
6- hex
7- kept
8 -
oct
9 -
non
Methyl -
Me
Ethyl -
Et
Propyl -
Pr
tert-butyl
t Butyl
isopropyl i Pr
_y~Y
-
isobutyl propyl
§
see
butyl isopropyl
-
sorryI
butyl -
Bu
[ connection point is at 2° C)
sbu
see -
butyl -
butyl
In -
butyl)
i Bu ↓
isobutyl -
normal
1- Bu
tert-butyl -
Phenyl - Ph
0 =
single
IT = double
f- ( =
valence electrons -
lone electrons -
bonds ( = is 2)
'
Spn bonds ( 1)
-
d n = is lone pairs
= +
,
[ products ] ? Ki
✗ =
k > Q K > I favoured ( lies to
Kc =
[ reactants ]
=
products the
right)
reverse = ¥ KL Q K < I =
reactants favoured ( lies to the left )
Le Chatelier 's
Product +
,
favours that direction
Product ,
favours
opposite direction
^
V ↓ P towards
moves more
gas molecules
.
,
,
V P
^
towards less
moves
gas molecules
r
,
,
Endo : added →
forward
Exo : added → reverse
kw = [ thot ] [ OH]
-14
= / ✗ 10
pH = -
log [not] pH < 7
P"
-
[ thot ] =
10
pH > 7
[ ionised ]
Percentage ionisation : [ original ] ✗ 100
Approximation : 100 Ka < [Alo ,
x is negligible
Buffers
[ base]
pH =
pKa +
log [ acid ]
0,
=
Ksp saturated
0,
>
Ksp supersaturated (precipitate )
Q <
Ksp unsaturated
, Organic chemistry
1- meth
2- eth
3- prop
4- but
5- pent
6- hex
7- kept
8 -
oct
9 -
non
Methyl -
Me
Ethyl -
Et
Propyl -
Pr
tert-butyl
t Butyl
isopropyl i Pr
_y~Y
-
isobutyl propyl
§
see
butyl isopropyl
-
sorryI
butyl -
Bu
[ connection point is at 2° C)
sbu
see -
butyl -
butyl
In -
butyl)
i Bu ↓
isobutyl -
normal
1- Bu
tert-butyl -
Phenyl - Ph
0 =
single
IT = double
f- ( =
valence electrons -
lone electrons -
bonds ( = is 2)
'
Spn bonds ( 1)
-
d n = is lone pairs
= +
,
