Summary TEST BANK FOR ESSENTIALS OFNURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 7th EDITION

from the higher levels of society. Many of Nightingale ’ s beliefs about nursing education are still applicable, particularly those involved with the progress of students, the use of diaries kept by students, and the need for integrating theory into clinical practice ( Roberts, 1937 ). Th e Nightingale school served as a model for nursing education. Its graduates were sought worldwide. Many of them established schools and became matrons (superintendents) in hospitals in other parts of England, the British Commonwealth, and the United States. However, very few schools were able to remain fi nancially independent of the hospitals and thus lost much of their autonomy. Th is was in contradiction to Nightingale ’ s philosophy that the training schools were educational institutions, not part of any service agency. The National Council Licensure Examination Professions require advanced education and an advanced area of knowledge and training. Many are regulated in some way and have a licensure or certifi cation requirement to enter practice. Th is holds true for teachers, attorneys, physicians, and pilots, just to name a few. Th e purpose of a professional license is to ensure public safety, by setting a level of standard that indicates an individual has acquired the necessary knowledge and skills to enter into the profession. Licensure Licensure for nurses is defi ned by the NCSBN as the process by which boards of nursing grant permission to an individual to engage in nursing practice after determining that the applicant has attained the competency necessary to perform a unique scope of practice. Licensure is necessary when the regulated activities are complex, require specialized knowledge and skill, and involve independent decision making ( NCSBN, 2012 ). Government agencies grant licenses allowing an individual to engage in a professional practice and use a specifi c title. State boards of nursing issue nursing licenses. Th is limits practice to a specifi c jurisdiction. However, as the NCLEX® is a nationally recognized examination, many states have joined together to form a “compact” where the license in one state is recognized in another. States belonging to the compact passed legislation adopting the terms of the agreement. Th e state in which the nurse resides is considered the home state, and license renewal occurs in the home state ( NCSBN , 2018a ). Licensure may be mandatory or permissive. Permissive licensure is a voluntary arrangement whereby an individual chooses to become licensed to demonstrate competence. However, the license is not required to practice. In this situation a mandatory license is not required to practice. Mandatory licensure requires a nurse to be licensed in order to practice. In the United States and Canada, licensure is mandatory. Licensure by Endorsement If a state is not a member of the compact, nurses licensed in one state may obtain a license in another state through the process of endorsement. Each application is considered independently and is granted a license based on the rules and regulations of the state. States diff er in the number of continuing education credits required, mandatory courses, and other educational requirements. Some states may require that nurses meet the current criteria for licensure at the time of application, whereas others may grant the license based on the criteria in eff ect at the time of the original license. When applying for a license through endorsement, a nurse should always contact the board of nursing for the state and ask about the exact requirements for licensure in that state. Th is information is usually found on the state board of nursing Web site. NURSYS is a national database that houses information on licensed nurses. Nurses applying for licensure by endorsement may verify their licenses through this database. Th e nurse ’ s license verifi cation is available immediately to the endorsing board of nursing ( NCSBN , 2016 ). Not all states belong to NURSYS. Qualifi cations for Licensure Th e basic qualifi cation for licensure requires graduation from an approved nursing program. In the United States, each state may add additional requirements, such as disclosures regarding health or medications that could aff ect practice. Most states require disclosure of criminal conviction. chapter 1 ■ Characteristics of