PYC4802
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PSYCHOPATHOLOGY EXAM
THEME 2 – 5
ARTICLE SUMMARIES
2022
DOCUMENT CONTAINS:
Summarised articles from theme 2 – 5
Focus points and objectives for each theme
Links to download all journal articles
2022 exam preparation
,Table of Contents
PYC4802 EXAM PREP ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3
THEME 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders: Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders .................................................................. 3
THEME 2 FOCUS POINTS: .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
Prescribed readings with links to download:....................................................................................................................................... 5
THEME 2 JOURNAL ARTICLE SUMMARIES ................................................................................................................................... 6
THEME 3 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders ..................................................................................................................................... 10
THEME 3 FOCUS POINTS: ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
Prescribed readings with links to download:..................................................................................................................................... 12
THEME 3 JOURNAL ARTICLE SUMMARIES ................................................................................................................................. 13
THEME 4 ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Depressive Disorders: Adult Depression ............................................................................................................................................. 6
THEME 4 FOCUS POINTS: .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Prescribed readings with links to download:....................................................................................................................................... 8
THEME 4 JOURNAL ARTICLE SUMMARIES ................................................................................................................................. 10
THEME 5 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
Child Abuse .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
THEME 5 FOCUS POINTS: ............................................................................................................................................................ 34
Prescribed readings with links to download:..................................................................................................................................... 35
THEME 5 JOURNAL ARTICLE SUMMARIES ................................................................................................................................. 37
, PYC4802 EXAM PREP
THEME 2
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders: Acute and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorders
JOUNRAL ARTICLE
THEME 2
1. Averill, P.M. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: A Conceptual Review 133-
156..
2. Brown, P.J., & Wolfe, J. (1994). Substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity.
51-59
3. De Silva, P. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Cross-cultural aspects. 217-229
4. Giel, R. (1990). Psychosocial processes in disasters. 7-20.
5. Keane, M.T., Taylor, K.L., & Penk, W.E. (1997). Differentiating post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) from major depression (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder 317-328.
6. McFarlane, A.C., Atchison, M., Rafalowicz, E., & Papay, P. (1994). Physical symptoms in post-
traumatic stress disorder. 715-726
7. Rosen, G.M., (Ed.) (2004). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and controversies (pp.147-154).
7.2Rosen, G.M., (Ed.) (2004). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and controversies (pp.155- 161).
7.3Rosen, G.M., (Ed.) (2004). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and controversies (pp.147-154).
7.4Rosen, G.M., (Ed.) (2004). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and controversies (pp.155- 161).
8. Schumm, J. A., Stines, L. R., Hobfoll, S. E., & Jackson, A. P. (2005). The double‐barreled burden of
child abuse and current stressful circumstances on adult women: The kindling effect of early
traumatic experience. Journal of Traumatic Stress 467-476.
THEME 2 FOCUS POINTS:
Focus Points
1. DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria of Acute Stress Disorder
2. DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
3. Causative Factors (Aetiology)
4. Impact of these disorders on human functioning
5. Factors that influence the assessment of PTSD
,Outcomes
When you have studied the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder below you should be able to do the following:
• define Acute Stress Disorder
• define Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• identify individuals who are suffering from Acute Stress Disorder
• identify individuals who are suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• know the DSM 5 diagnostic criteria for Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Major headings that come up within theme 2:
If you find information relating to these headings, please include in your summary.
1. Define PTSD AND ASD
2. Identify individuals who are suffering from PSTD AND ASD
3. Impact on Human Functioning (ASD & PTSD)
4. Factors that influence the assessment of PTSD
a) Nature of traumatic event
b) Individual differences
c) Cultural influences
d) Gender differences
5. Causative Factors (Aetiology) of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder
a) Biological processes
b) Psychological perspective
c) Cognitive Models
d) Humanistic and existential models
e) Family systems theory
f) Developmental perspectives
g) Psychosocial stressors
6. Comorbidity
7. Delayed onset
8. THE SOUTH AFRICAN CULTURE OF VIOLENCE
,Prescribed readings with links to download:
Journal articles
1. Averill, P.M. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: A Conceptual Review. Journal of
Anxiety Disorders, 14(2), 133-156. https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/s0887-6185%2899%2900045-6
2. Brown, P.J., & Wolfe, J. (1994). Substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 35, 51-59. https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/0376-8716%2894%2990110-
4
3. De Silva, P. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Cross-cultural aspects. International Review of
Psychiatry, 5, 217-229. https://sci-hub.se/10.3109/09540269309028312
4. Giel, R. (1990). Psychosocial processes in disasters. International Journal of Mental Health, 19(1), 7-
20. https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/00207411.1990.11449150
5. Joseph, S. (1997). Understanding post-traumatic stress (pp. 51-67). West Sussex: Wiley & Sons.
6. Keane, M.T., Taylor, K.L., & Penk, W.E. (1997). Differentiating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
from major depression (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Journal of Anxiety Disorders,
11(3), 317-328. https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/s0887-6185%2897%2900013-3
7. McFarlane, A.C., Atchison, M., Rafalowicz, E., & Papay, P. (1994). Physical symptoms in post-
traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(7), 715-726. https://sci-
hub.se/10.1016/0022-3999%2894%2990024-8
8. Nutt, D., Davidson, J.R.T., & Zohar, J., (Eds.) (2000). Post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis,
management and treatment (pp. 147-161). Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. https://sci-
hub.se/10.1080/13651500310001626
9. Rosen, G.M., (Ed.) (2004). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and controversies (pp.147-161). West
Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. http://www.al-edu.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Rosen-
ed-Posttraumatic-Stress-Disorder-Issues-and-Controversies.pdf
10. Schumm, J. A., Stines, L. R., Hobfoll, S. E., & Jackson, A. P. (2005). The double‐barreled burden of child
abuse and current stressful circumstances on adult women: The kindling effect of early traumatic
experience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 467-476. https://sci-hub.se/10.1002/jts.20054
, THEME 2 JOURNAL ARTICLE SUMMARIES
ARTICLE 1
Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults
1. Averill, P.M. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: A Conceptual Review. Journal of
Anxiety Disorders, 14(2), 133-156. https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/s0887-6185%2899%2900045-6
KEYWORDS/POINTS OF THE ARTICLE
Delayed Onset information
PTSD in older adults
Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: A Conceptual Review
This review indicates that PTSD does occur in older adults with similar symptoms as noted in younger
adults
Interestingly, some salient differences in PTSD have been documented in older adults, such as differences in
the natural course of the disorder, suggesting that the expression of PTSD may be influenced by factors
such as natural changes brought about by aging, the societal zeitgeist at the time of trauma, and the
presence (or absence) of diagnostic comorbidity
DEFINITION: Posttraumatic stress disorder is initiated by exposure to extraordinarily stressful life events,
such as military combat, violent personal assault, being taken hostage, natural or manmade disasters, and
severe car accidents.
WHAT ARE THE UNIQUE SYMPTOMS OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN OLDER ADULTS?
most older adults who were traumatized earlier in their life report an episodic course, with symptom
exacerbations and remissions over time
Suggesting that time of study is likely to impact the presentation of symptoms.
Additionally, symptoms such as sleep disturbance and memory impairment are seen more commonly in
older adults in general and may not be associated with trauma exposure per se
Studies examining PTSD symptoms in individuals traumatized later in life show that older adults may
experience somewhat different symptoms than those reported by younger adults after trauma exposure.
CAN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER BEGIN MANY YEARS AFTER TRAUMA EXPOSURE IN OLDER
ADULTS?
Delayed-onset PTSD is an infrequently diagnosed variant of the disorder, despite its recognition in each
version of the DSM
Several theories have been suggested to account for delayed-onset PTSD in later life. These include
consideration of the fact that older adults may experience a reduction in physical and mental resilience
over time, which reduces their capacity to ward off trauma-related memories and feelings (Aarts & Op Den
nn
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY EXAM
THEME 2 – 5
ARTICLE SUMMARIES
2022
DOCUMENT CONTAINS:
Summarised articles from theme 2 – 5
Focus points and objectives for each theme
Links to download all journal articles
2022 exam preparation
,Table of Contents
PYC4802 EXAM PREP ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3
THEME 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders: Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders .................................................................. 3
THEME 2 FOCUS POINTS: .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
Prescribed readings with links to download:....................................................................................................................................... 5
THEME 2 JOURNAL ARTICLE SUMMARIES ................................................................................................................................... 6
THEME 3 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders ..................................................................................................................................... 10
THEME 3 FOCUS POINTS: ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
Prescribed readings with links to download:..................................................................................................................................... 12
THEME 3 JOURNAL ARTICLE SUMMARIES ................................................................................................................................. 13
THEME 4 ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Depressive Disorders: Adult Depression ............................................................................................................................................. 6
THEME 4 FOCUS POINTS: .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Prescribed readings with links to download:....................................................................................................................................... 8
THEME 4 JOURNAL ARTICLE SUMMARIES ................................................................................................................................. 10
THEME 5 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
Child Abuse .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
THEME 5 FOCUS POINTS: ............................................................................................................................................................ 34
Prescribed readings with links to download:..................................................................................................................................... 35
THEME 5 JOURNAL ARTICLE SUMMARIES ................................................................................................................................. 37
, PYC4802 EXAM PREP
THEME 2
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders: Acute and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorders
JOUNRAL ARTICLE
THEME 2
1. Averill, P.M. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: A Conceptual Review 133-
156..
2. Brown, P.J., & Wolfe, J. (1994). Substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity.
51-59
3. De Silva, P. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Cross-cultural aspects. 217-229
4. Giel, R. (1990). Psychosocial processes in disasters. 7-20.
5. Keane, M.T., Taylor, K.L., & Penk, W.E. (1997). Differentiating post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) from major depression (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder 317-328.
6. McFarlane, A.C., Atchison, M., Rafalowicz, E., & Papay, P. (1994). Physical symptoms in post-
traumatic stress disorder. 715-726
7. Rosen, G.M., (Ed.) (2004). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and controversies (pp.147-154).
7.2Rosen, G.M., (Ed.) (2004). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and controversies (pp.155- 161).
7.3Rosen, G.M., (Ed.) (2004). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and controversies (pp.147-154).
7.4Rosen, G.M., (Ed.) (2004). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and controversies (pp.155- 161).
8. Schumm, J. A., Stines, L. R., Hobfoll, S. E., & Jackson, A. P. (2005). The double‐barreled burden of
child abuse and current stressful circumstances on adult women: The kindling effect of early
traumatic experience. Journal of Traumatic Stress 467-476.
THEME 2 FOCUS POINTS:
Focus Points
1. DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria of Acute Stress Disorder
2. DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
3. Causative Factors (Aetiology)
4. Impact of these disorders on human functioning
5. Factors that influence the assessment of PTSD
,Outcomes
When you have studied the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder below you should be able to do the following:
• define Acute Stress Disorder
• define Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• identify individuals who are suffering from Acute Stress Disorder
• identify individuals who are suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• know the DSM 5 diagnostic criteria for Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Major headings that come up within theme 2:
If you find information relating to these headings, please include in your summary.
1. Define PTSD AND ASD
2. Identify individuals who are suffering from PSTD AND ASD
3. Impact on Human Functioning (ASD & PTSD)
4. Factors that influence the assessment of PTSD
a) Nature of traumatic event
b) Individual differences
c) Cultural influences
d) Gender differences
5. Causative Factors (Aetiology) of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder
a) Biological processes
b) Psychological perspective
c) Cognitive Models
d) Humanistic and existential models
e) Family systems theory
f) Developmental perspectives
g) Psychosocial stressors
6. Comorbidity
7. Delayed onset
8. THE SOUTH AFRICAN CULTURE OF VIOLENCE
,Prescribed readings with links to download:
Journal articles
1. Averill, P.M. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: A Conceptual Review. Journal of
Anxiety Disorders, 14(2), 133-156. https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/s0887-6185%2899%2900045-6
2. Brown, P.J., & Wolfe, J. (1994). Substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 35, 51-59. https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/0376-8716%2894%2990110-
4
3. De Silva, P. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Cross-cultural aspects. International Review of
Psychiatry, 5, 217-229. https://sci-hub.se/10.3109/09540269309028312
4. Giel, R. (1990). Psychosocial processes in disasters. International Journal of Mental Health, 19(1), 7-
20. https://sci-hub.se/10.1080/00207411.1990.11449150
5. Joseph, S. (1997). Understanding post-traumatic stress (pp. 51-67). West Sussex: Wiley & Sons.
6. Keane, M.T., Taylor, K.L., & Penk, W.E. (1997). Differentiating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
from major depression (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Journal of Anxiety Disorders,
11(3), 317-328. https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/s0887-6185%2897%2900013-3
7. McFarlane, A.C., Atchison, M., Rafalowicz, E., & Papay, P. (1994). Physical symptoms in post-
traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(7), 715-726. https://sci-
hub.se/10.1016/0022-3999%2894%2990024-8
8. Nutt, D., Davidson, J.R.T., & Zohar, J., (Eds.) (2000). Post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis,
management and treatment (pp. 147-161). Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. https://sci-
hub.se/10.1080/13651500310001626
9. Rosen, G.M., (Ed.) (2004). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and controversies (pp.147-161). West
Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. http://www.al-edu.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Rosen-
ed-Posttraumatic-Stress-Disorder-Issues-and-Controversies.pdf
10. Schumm, J. A., Stines, L. R., Hobfoll, S. E., & Jackson, A. P. (2005). The double‐barreled burden of child
abuse and current stressful circumstances on adult women: The kindling effect of early traumatic
experience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 467-476. https://sci-hub.se/10.1002/jts.20054
, THEME 2 JOURNAL ARTICLE SUMMARIES
ARTICLE 1
Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults
1. Averill, P.M. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: A Conceptual Review. Journal of
Anxiety Disorders, 14(2), 133-156. https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/s0887-6185%2899%2900045-6
KEYWORDS/POINTS OF THE ARTICLE
Delayed Onset information
PTSD in older adults
Posttraumatic stress disorder in older adults: A Conceptual Review
This review indicates that PTSD does occur in older adults with similar symptoms as noted in younger
adults
Interestingly, some salient differences in PTSD have been documented in older adults, such as differences in
the natural course of the disorder, suggesting that the expression of PTSD may be influenced by factors
such as natural changes brought about by aging, the societal zeitgeist at the time of trauma, and the
presence (or absence) of diagnostic comorbidity
DEFINITION: Posttraumatic stress disorder is initiated by exposure to extraordinarily stressful life events,
such as military combat, violent personal assault, being taken hostage, natural or manmade disasters, and
severe car accidents.
WHAT ARE THE UNIQUE SYMPTOMS OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN OLDER ADULTS?
most older adults who were traumatized earlier in their life report an episodic course, with symptom
exacerbations and remissions over time
Suggesting that time of study is likely to impact the presentation of symptoms.
Additionally, symptoms such as sleep disturbance and memory impairment are seen more commonly in
older adults in general and may not be associated with trauma exposure per se
Studies examining PTSD symptoms in individuals traumatized later in life show that older adults may
experience somewhat different symptoms than those reported by younger adults after trauma exposure.
CAN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER BEGIN MANY YEARS AFTER TRAUMA EXPOSURE IN OLDER
ADULTS?
Delayed-onset PTSD is an infrequently diagnosed variant of the disorder, despite its recognition in each
version of the DSM
Several theories have been suggested to account for delayed-onset PTSD in later life. These include
consideration of the fact that older adults may experience a reduction in physical and mental resilience
over time, which reduces their capacity to ward off trauma-related memories and feelings (Aarts & Op Den
