1
,Copyright Pathological © 2022 Faathimah Khan
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or
by any means, including photocopying, recording or
other electronic or mechanical methods without the
prior written permission of the publisher, except in
the case of brief quotations embodied in critical
reviews and certain other non-commercial uses
permitted by copyright law.
Front cover page and book design: Tshefogatso
First Printing edition 2022.
Published in South Africa, Durban
2
,PATHOLOGICAL
Simplify. Study. Succeed.
3
, P a t h o l o g i c a l
To you
who finds it hard,
yet perseveres.
4
, P a t h o l o g i c a l
Pathological© is a student pocket-
book that I developed and designed
over five years whilst tutoring and
subsequently lecturing Pathology
and Disease Fundamentals.
Summaries and mnemonics are
effective ways to condense complex
information for quick reference whilst
revising. This book should be used to
supplement and simplify your learning
of medical pathology topics.
I believe that studying should be
organised, colourful and as interesting
as possible. Gone are the days of
reading plain text and using a
highlighter to learn!
Remember, never underestimate your
brain’s incredible capacity to find
ways to remember information!
Happy studying!
- Dr F. Khan
5
, P a t h o l o g i c a l
1. DERMATOLOGY
2. CHILDHOOD INFECTIONS
3. CARDIOVASCULAR
4. ENDOCRINOLOGY
5. FEMALE SYSTEM
6. MALE SYSTEM
7. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
8. MUSCULOSKELETAL
9. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
10. URINARY SYSTEM
6
,Dermatology
7
,1. Atopic dermatitis
2. Carbuncles
3. Erysipelas
4. Hidradenitis suppurativa
5. Impetigo
6. Kawasaki disease
7. Lichen planus
8. Nummular dermatitis
9. Pompholyx
10.Squamous cell carcinoma
11.Basal cell carcinoma
8
, P a t h o l o g i c a l
Atopic dermatitis
Triggers
allergens irritants stress heat hormones sweat foods
Description Diagnosis
• Early age of onset
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is an • Personal/family
inherited, inflammatory skin condition history of atopic
caused by a hypersensitivity reaction disease.
to allergens such as food, • Dry skin and
environmental allergens or contact pruritis
allergens. • Recurring
symptoms
Atopic diseases refers to allergic • Presentation and
conditions that tend to occur location
collectively as a group or triad.
Atopic dermatitis, asthma and Treatment
allergic rhinitis often occur together.
• Topical corticosteroids
Eczema is transient (comes and goes) • Emollients.
and often develops in people before • Systemic
the age of 5 years. An estimated 60% corticosteroids.
of children outgrow their eczema in • Antihistamines.
adolescence. • If infection:
antibiotics/ antiviral/
antifungal.
• Moisturizers
• Phototherapy
Signs and symptoms
Typical location:
Infants: scalp, cheeks,
• Dry, scaly skin elbows knees.
• Itching
• May weep when Children: behind creases of
scratched elbows and knees, neck,
• Red/brownish patches wrists, buttock creases.
Adults: forehead, neck,
inner elbow & knee, upper
chest, ankles.
9
, P a t h o l o g i c a l
Atopic dermatitis
CRITERIA FOR
DIAGNOSIS:
✓ Personal history of
atopic dx*
✓ Passed on (family
history)
✓ Pruritis
✓ Persistent (relapsing)
✓ Presentation matches
age.
*eczema, asthma, hayfever
eCzema
XII
XERODERMA Cytokines &
ITCHING Chemokines
INFLAMMATION
Inflammatory
Skin symptoms mediators
10
,Copyright Pathological © 2022 Faathimah Khan
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or
by any means, including photocopying, recording or
other electronic or mechanical methods without the
prior written permission of the publisher, except in
the case of brief quotations embodied in critical
reviews and certain other non-commercial uses
permitted by copyright law.
Front cover page and book design: Tshefogatso
First Printing edition 2022.
Published in South Africa, Durban
2
,PATHOLOGICAL
Simplify. Study. Succeed.
3
, P a t h o l o g i c a l
To you
who finds it hard,
yet perseveres.
4
, P a t h o l o g i c a l
Pathological© is a student pocket-
book that I developed and designed
over five years whilst tutoring and
subsequently lecturing Pathology
and Disease Fundamentals.
Summaries and mnemonics are
effective ways to condense complex
information for quick reference whilst
revising. This book should be used to
supplement and simplify your learning
of medical pathology topics.
I believe that studying should be
organised, colourful and as interesting
as possible. Gone are the days of
reading plain text and using a
highlighter to learn!
Remember, never underestimate your
brain’s incredible capacity to find
ways to remember information!
Happy studying!
- Dr F. Khan
5
, P a t h o l o g i c a l
1. DERMATOLOGY
2. CHILDHOOD INFECTIONS
3. CARDIOVASCULAR
4. ENDOCRINOLOGY
5. FEMALE SYSTEM
6. MALE SYSTEM
7. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
8. MUSCULOSKELETAL
9. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
10. URINARY SYSTEM
6
,Dermatology
7
,1. Atopic dermatitis
2. Carbuncles
3. Erysipelas
4. Hidradenitis suppurativa
5. Impetigo
6. Kawasaki disease
7. Lichen planus
8. Nummular dermatitis
9. Pompholyx
10.Squamous cell carcinoma
11.Basal cell carcinoma
8
, P a t h o l o g i c a l
Atopic dermatitis
Triggers
allergens irritants stress heat hormones sweat foods
Description Diagnosis
• Early age of onset
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is an • Personal/family
inherited, inflammatory skin condition history of atopic
caused by a hypersensitivity reaction disease.
to allergens such as food, • Dry skin and
environmental allergens or contact pruritis
allergens. • Recurring
symptoms
Atopic diseases refers to allergic • Presentation and
conditions that tend to occur location
collectively as a group or triad.
Atopic dermatitis, asthma and Treatment
allergic rhinitis often occur together.
• Topical corticosteroids
Eczema is transient (comes and goes) • Emollients.
and often develops in people before • Systemic
the age of 5 years. An estimated 60% corticosteroids.
of children outgrow their eczema in • Antihistamines.
adolescence. • If infection:
antibiotics/ antiviral/
antifungal.
• Moisturizers
• Phototherapy
Signs and symptoms
Typical location:
Infants: scalp, cheeks,
• Dry, scaly skin elbows knees.
• Itching
• May weep when Children: behind creases of
scratched elbows and knees, neck,
• Red/brownish patches wrists, buttock creases.
Adults: forehead, neck,
inner elbow & knee, upper
chest, ankles.
9
, P a t h o l o g i c a l
Atopic dermatitis
CRITERIA FOR
DIAGNOSIS:
✓ Personal history of
atopic dx*
✓ Passed on (family
history)
✓ Pruritis
✓ Persistent (relapsing)
✓ Presentation matches
age.
*eczema, asthma, hayfever
eCzema
XII
XERODERMA Cytokines &
ITCHING Chemokines
INFLAMMATION
Inflammatory
Skin symptoms mediators
10
