The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to
2005)
Consonants (Pulmonic)
Labiodent Postalveol Retrofle Pharynge
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
al ar x al
Plosive
pb td ʈɖ c ɟ k ɡq ɢ ʔ
Nasal
m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ
Trill
ʙ r ʀ
Tap or Flap
ⱱ ɾ ɽ
Fricative
ɸ β f v θ ðs z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ çʝ xɣχʁħʕ hɦ
Lateral
fricative ɬɮ
Approxima
nt ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ
Lateral
approxima
nt
l ɭ ʎ ʟ
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced
consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)
Vowels
2005)
Consonants (Pulmonic)
Labiodent Postalveol Retrofle Pharynge
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
al ar x al
Plosive
pb td ʈɖ c ɟ k ɡq ɢ ʔ
Nasal
m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ
Trill
ʙ r ʀ
Tap or Flap
ⱱ ɾ ɽ
Fricative
ɸ β f v θ ðs z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ çʝ xɣχʁħʕ hɦ
Lateral
fricative ɬɮ
Approxima
nt ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ
Lateral
approxima
nt
l ɭ ʎ ʟ
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced
consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)
Vowels