CHAPTER 12 – SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Source: Social Psychology (10th Edition) by Saul Kassin (Author), Steven Fein
(Author), Hazel Rose Markus
Chapter 12
DEFINITIONS:
1. Group: a collection of people who are perceived to be bonded together in a
coherent unit to some degree.
2. Common-bond group: groups that tend to involve face-to-face interaction
and in which the individual members are bonded to each other.
3. Common-identity group: face-to-face interaction is often absent, and the
members are linked together via a category as a whole rather than each
other.
4. Entitativity: the extent to which a group is perceived as being a coherent
entity.
5. Status: the individual's position or rank within the group.
6. Roles: the set of behaviours that individuals occupying specific positions
within a group are expected to perform.
7. Norms: rules or expectations within a group concerning how its members
should (or should not) behave.
8. Feeling rules: expectations about the appropriate emotions to display or
express
9. Collectivism: groups in which the norm is to maintain harmony among the
group members, even if doing so might entail some personal costs.
10. Individualism: groups where the norm is to stand out and be different from
others; individual variability is expected, and disagreement among members
is tolerated.
11. Cohesiveness: all forces (factors) that cause group members to remain in
the group.
12. Politicalised collective identity: recognising shared grievances and
engaging in a power struggle on behalf of one's devalued group.
13. Ideology: the philosophical and political values that govern a group.
14. Schism: splintering of a group into distinct factions following an ideological rift
among members.
,15. Evaluation apprehension: concern over being evaluated by others. Such
concern increase arousal and so contribute to social facilitation effects.
16. Distraction conflict theory: a theory suggesting that social facilitation stems
from conflict produced when individuals attempt, simultaneously, to pay
attention to the other people present and to the task being performed.
17. Addictive tasks: tasks for which the group product is the sum or combination
of the efforts of individual members.
18. Social loafing: reductions in motivation and effort when individuals work in a
group compared to when they work individually.
19. Hooliganism: negative stereotype about how people behave in crowds at
sporting events, especially applied to incidents involving England's soccer
fans.
20. Deindividuation: a psychological state characterised by reduced self-
awareness brought on by external conditions, such as being an anonymous
member of a large crowd.
21. Cooperation: behaviour in which group members work together to attain
shared goals.
22. Conflict: a process in which individuals or groups perceive that others have
taken or will soon take actions incompatible with their own interests.
23. Social embeddedness: having a sense that you know other people because
you know their reputations, often by knowing other people they know too.
24. Asynchronous forms of communication: unlike face-to-face
communication, where there is no delay, asynchronous forms such as e-mail
and other forms of text messaging give people a period of time during which
they can think about their response before responding.
25. Negative interdependence: a situation where if one person obtains the
desired outcome, others cannot obtain it.
26. Social dilemmas: situations in which each person can increase his or her
gains by acting in one way, but if all (or most) people do the same thing, the
outcomes experienced by all are reduced.
27. Bargaining (negotiation): a process in which opposing sides exchange
offers, counteroffers, and concessions, either directly or through
representatives.
, 28. Superordinate goals: goals that both sides to a conflict seek and that tie
their interests together rather than driving them apart.
29. Distributive justice (fairness): refers to individuals' judgements about
whether they are receiving a fair share of available rewards – a share
proportionate to their contributions to the group or any social relationship.
30. Procedural justice: judgements concerning the fairness of the procedures
used to distribute available rewards among group members.
31. Transactional justice: the extent to which people who distribute rewards
explain or justify their decisions and show respect and courtesy to those who
receive the rewards.
32. Meta-stereotypes: beliefs about how one's group is viewed by another group;
these are often negative.
33. Decision making: processes involved in combining and integrating available
information to choose one out of several possible courses of action.
34. Group polarisation: the tendency of group members to shift forward a more
extreme position than initially held by those individuals as a result of group
discussion.
35. Groupthink: the tendency of members of highly cohesive groups to assume
that their decisions can't be wrong, that all members support the group's
decisions strongly, and that information contrary to it should be ignored.
36. Brainstorming: a process in which people meet as a group to generate new
ideas freely.
37. Glass cliff: when women and minorities are seen as better leaders because
of their ability to manage crisis. They are more likely to be selected as leaders
when the situation contains more risk.
Groups and Individuals
• Potential hitches that come with joining a group:
- If it is a cohesive group (1 where there are strong bonds among the members)
it could be difficult to even get admitted/might result in some initiations we
would wish to avoid.
- When a person is new to a group, 1's status is likely to be low, which would
make it difficult to change the group's norms.
Source: Social Psychology (10th Edition) by Saul Kassin (Author), Steven Fein
(Author), Hazel Rose Markus
Chapter 12
DEFINITIONS:
1. Group: a collection of people who are perceived to be bonded together in a
coherent unit to some degree.
2. Common-bond group: groups that tend to involve face-to-face interaction
and in which the individual members are bonded to each other.
3. Common-identity group: face-to-face interaction is often absent, and the
members are linked together via a category as a whole rather than each
other.
4. Entitativity: the extent to which a group is perceived as being a coherent
entity.
5. Status: the individual's position or rank within the group.
6. Roles: the set of behaviours that individuals occupying specific positions
within a group are expected to perform.
7. Norms: rules or expectations within a group concerning how its members
should (or should not) behave.
8. Feeling rules: expectations about the appropriate emotions to display or
express
9. Collectivism: groups in which the norm is to maintain harmony among the
group members, even if doing so might entail some personal costs.
10. Individualism: groups where the norm is to stand out and be different from
others; individual variability is expected, and disagreement among members
is tolerated.
11. Cohesiveness: all forces (factors) that cause group members to remain in
the group.
12. Politicalised collective identity: recognising shared grievances and
engaging in a power struggle on behalf of one's devalued group.
13. Ideology: the philosophical and political values that govern a group.
14. Schism: splintering of a group into distinct factions following an ideological rift
among members.
,15. Evaluation apprehension: concern over being evaluated by others. Such
concern increase arousal and so contribute to social facilitation effects.
16. Distraction conflict theory: a theory suggesting that social facilitation stems
from conflict produced when individuals attempt, simultaneously, to pay
attention to the other people present and to the task being performed.
17. Addictive tasks: tasks for which the group product is the sum or combination
of the efforts of individual members.
18. Social loafing: reductions in motivation and effort when individuals work in a
group compared to when they work individually.
19. Hooliganism: negative stereotype about how people behave in crowds at
sporting events, especially applied to incidents involving England's soccer
fans.
20. Deindividuation: a psychological state characterised by reduced self-
awareness brought on by external conditions, such as being an anonymous
member of a large crowd.
21. Cooperation: behaviour in which group members work together to attain
shared goals.
22. Conflict: a process in which individuals or groups perceive that others have
taken or will soon take actions incompatible with their own interests.
23. Social embeddedness: having a sense that you know other people because
you know their reputations, often by knowing other people they know too.
24. Asynchronous forms of communication: unlike face-to-face
communication, where there is no delay, asynchronous forms such as e-mail
and other forms of text messaging give people a period of time during which
they can think about their response before responding.
25. Negative interdependence: a situation where if one person obtains the
desired outcome, others cannot obtain it.
26. Social dilemmas: situations in which each person can increase his or her
gains by acting in one way, but if all (or most) people do the same thing, the
outcomes experienced by all are reduced.
27. Bargaining (negotiation): a process in which opposing sides exchange
offers, counteroffers, and concessions, either directly or through
representatives.
, 28. Superordinate goals: goals that both sides to a conflict seek and that tie
their interests together rather than driving them apart.
29. Distributive justice (fairness): refers to individuals' judgements about
whether they are receiving a fair share of available rewards – a share
proportionate to their contributions to the group or any social relationship.
30. Procedural justice: judgements concerning the fairness of the procedures
used to distribute available rewards among group members.
31. Transactional justice: the extent to which people who distribute rewards
explain or justify their decisions and show respect and courtesy to those who
receive the rewards.
32. Meta-stereotypes: beliefs about how one's group is viewed by another group;
these are often negative.
33. Decision making: processes involved in combining and integrating available
information to choose one out of several possible courses of action.
34. Group polarisation: the tendency of group members to shift forward a more
extreme position than initially held by those individuals as a result of group
discussion.
35. Groupthink: the tendency of members of highly cohesive groups to assume
that their decisions can't be wrong, that all members support the group's
decisions strongly, and that information contrary to it should be ignored.
36. Brainstorming: a process in which people meet as a group to generate new
ideas freely.
37. Glass cliff: when women and minorities are seen as better leaders because
of their ability to manage crisis. They are more likely to be selected as leaders
when the situation contains more risk.
Groups and Individuals
• Potential hitches that come with joining a group:
- If it is a cohesive group (1 where there are strong bonds among the members)
it could be difficult to even get admitted/might result in some initiations we
would wish to avoid.
- When a person is new to a group, 1's status is likely to be low, which would
make it difficult to change the group's norms.
