NRNP 6635 Midterm Exam
[100% correct answers & explanations]
QUESTION 1
1. Select the neurotransmitter involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in
children and adolescents based on the common comorbidity of tic disorders.
A Norepinephrine
B
GABA
.
C
Dopamine
.
D Acetylcholine
Answer:
Dopamine
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is linked to defects in the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical (CSTC)
circuitry, which may be linked to neurotransmitter dysregulation throughout this network. Serotonin,
dopamine, glutamate, and -aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the main neurotransmitters throughout the
CSTC.
Compulsive behaviors linked to OCD are likely the product of a related dopaminergic reward
system dysfunction. Continuous ventral striatum activation may lead to an undirected expectation of
reward. Anxiety and a desire to fill the gap are caused by unfulfilled expectations.
Step-by-Step explanation
References
Richter, M. A., De Jesus, D. R., Hoppenbrouwers, S., Daigle, M., Deluce, J., Ravindran, L. N., ... &
Daskalakis, Z. J. (2019). Evidence for cortical inhibitory and excitatory dysfunction in obsessive
compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37(5), 1144-1151.
Pittenger, C., Krystal, J. H., & Coric, V. (2016). Glutamate-modulating drugs as novel
pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. NeuroRx, 3(1), 69-81.
, 1 points
QUESTION 2
1. Select the class of drugs most effective in treating pain disorder.
Answer:
,A . antidepressants
Opioid
analgesics
C Beta-adrenergic
. blockers
. D
B TCA Mood stabilizers
and SSRI .
Opioids analgesics
,Opioid analgesics are drugs that function on opioid receptors that are used to alleviate pain. Weak opioid
analgesics are often used to describe compound analgesics that combine acetaminophen with low levels
of codeine or tramadol. Opioid analgesics, which include oxycodone, hydrocodone, and codeine, can be
used to relieve mild to extreme acute pain.
Opioids are medications that are chemically similar to, but more potent than, the body's own pain
relievers (endorphins). They operate by binding to receptors on cells, primarily in the brain, spinal cord, and
gastrointestinal tract.
Step-by-Step explanation
References
Andrieu, G., Amrouni, H., Robin, E., Carnaille, B., Wattier, J. M., Pattou, F., ... & Lebuffe, G. (2017).
Analgesic efficacy of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block administered before thyroid surgery under
general anaesthesia. British journal of anaesthesia, 99(4), 561-566.
Mangione, M. P., & Crowley-Matoka, M. (2018). Improving pain management communication:
how patients understand the terms "opioid" and "narcotic". Journal of general internal medicine, 23(9),
1336.
1 points
QUESTION 3
1. Select the most commonly occurring eating disorder.
A Anorexia
. nervosa
B Bulimia
. nervosa
C
Purging
.
D
Binge
.
Answer:
A. Anorexia Nervosa
Step-by-Step explanation
Anorexia nervosa is one eating disorder that most people have heard of. People with anorexia often starve
themselves in order to achieve an unattainable ideal of thinness. This condition, like many eating disorders,
tends to affect more women than men.
1 points
QUESTION 4
1. Select the disorder in which inflicting injury to self or others is common.
A
Pain
.
,
, B
Conversion
.
C Somatic
. symptom
D
Factitious
.
Factitious disorder is a serious mental disorder in which someone deceives others by appearing sick, by purposely
getting sick or by self-injury.
1 points
QUESTION 5
1. Select two imaging methods used to study anxiety disorders.
A
CT
.
B TM
.S
C
MRI
.
D
EKG
.
1 points
QUESTION 6
1. Select the two factors that do not cause dissociative amnesia.
A Sexual
. abuse
B Substance
. abuse
C
Surgical pain
.
D Partner
. betrayal
Answer:
A.
Step-by-Step explanation
The correct answer is;
A. Sexual abuse D.
Partner betrayal
Substance abuse and surgical pain can cause dissociative amnesia.
Dissociative amnesia is a disorder in which a person loses track of vital details from their past. This
forgetfulness can be limited to a few key areas (thematic), or it might encompass a large portion of a
person's life history and/or identity (general).
Drug and alcohol usage not only raises the risk of having a co-occurring or comorbid substance use
disorder, but it can also intensify dissociative amnesia symptoms.
Dissociative disorders are essential to the pain physician because persistent pain can be
accompanied with dissociative symptoms. A disruption in the integrated functions of conscio
Reference
,Wagener, D. (2019, September 5). Treatment for dissociative amnesia and substance abuse. American
Addiction Centers. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/dissociative- disorders/amnesia-substance-
abuse-treat
1 points
QUESTION 7
1. Select the correct epidemiologic fact about major depression in children and
adolescents.
A
There is a 20% incidence by age 18
.
B
The incidence is equal in adolescent females and males
.
C
There is a decreased incidence after 20
.
D The incidence is five- to ten-fold greater in children with a parent or sibling
. with major depression
Answer:
• A. There is 20% incidence by age of 18 years.
Step-by-Step explanation
Depression takes place at an estimated rate of around two percent during childhood and from four to
around seven percent in time of the adolescence stage. This mental illness is a top cause of health
impairment called the morbidity and death also known as mortality which is increasing rapidly every time.
Depression is common in time of teenage years, having impacts on about 20%of adolescents by the time
they reach adulthood, that is the age of 18.
Reference.
Jacobs, R. H., Reinecke, M. A., Gollan, J. K., & Kane, P. (2008). Empirical evidence of cognitive
vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: A cognitive science and developmental
perspective. Clinical psychology review, 28(5), 759-782.
1 points
QUESTION 8
1.Select the brain region that is most implicated in the function of memory.
A Hippocampu
.s
B Temporal
. lobe
C
Amygdala
.
D Corpus
. callosum
1 points
QUESTION 9
1.Select the greatest impediment to treating anorexia nervosa patients.
, A
Drug adverse effects
.
B Variability of family
. therapy
C
Patient resistance
.
D Noncompliance with
. therapy
Answer; C) Patient resistance
Step-by-Step explanation
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a chronic illness in which sufferers experience a slew of negative consequences
in a variety of areas of their lives as a result of their low weight and restrictive food intake. Given these
negative consequences, which are visible in physical, emotional, and social dimensions, it can be tempting
to dismiss the condition entirely. As a result, AN sufferers' inability to pursue, continue, or participate in
care may also be perplexing from an outsider's perspective. This ego-syntonic perspective is most prevalent
in anorexia nervosa. When an eating disorder is experienced as ego-syntonic, there is little to no desire to
alter the habits, resulting in high levels of medication resistance that worsens over time. The egosyntonic
aspect of the disease, in which individuals with anorexia nervosa esteem their condition, is a major issue
for clinicians treating the illness. This hinders encouragement for rehabilitation and involvement with care.
The aim of this review article is to explain the essence of egosyntonicity in anorexia nervosa by examining
both qualitative and quantitative studies on the topic, and, more importantly, to present strategies for
overcoming this impediment to recovery in anorexia nervosa care.
Therefore, we can conclude that, the greatest impediment to treating anorexia nervosa patients
is option C, Patient resistance.
References
The Egosyntonic nature of anorexia: An impediment to recovery in anorexia nervosa treatment. (2019,
January 14). PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved April 6, 2021, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743910/
Patient resistance in eating disorders. (2014, September 24). Psychiatric Times.
Retrieved April 6, 2021, from https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/patient-resistance-eating-disorders
Perplexities of treatment resistence in eating disorders. (2013, November 7). BMC Psychiatry.
Retrieved April 6, 2021, from https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471- 244X-
13-292
1 points
QUESTION 10
1.Select the most common sleep disorder.
A Parasomni
.a
B Hypersom
. nia
C
Insomnia
.
D
Apnea
[100% correct answers & explanations]
QUESTION 1
1. Select the neurotransmitter involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in
children and adolescents based on the common comorbidity of tic disorders.
A Norepinephrine
B
GABA
.
C
Dopamine
.
D Acetylcholine
Answer:
Dopamine
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is linked to defects in the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical (CSTC)
circuitry, which may be linked to neurotransmitter dysregulation throughout this network. Serotonin,
dopamine, glutamate, and -aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the main neurotransmitters throughout the
CSTC.
Compulsive behaviors linked to OCD are likely the product of a related dopaminergic reward
system dysfunction. Continuous ventral striatum activation may lead to an undirected expectation of
reward. Anxiety and a desire to fill the gap are caused by unfulfilled expectations.
Step-by-Step explanation
References
Richter, M. A., De Jesus, D. R., Hoppenbrouwers, S., Daigle, M., Deluce, J., Ravindran, L. N., ... &
Daskalakis, Z. J. (2019). Evidence for cortical inhibitory and excitatory dysfunction in obsessive
compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37(5), 1144-1151.
Pittenger, C., Krystal, J. H., & Coric, V. (2016). Glutamate-modulating drugs as novel
pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. NeuroRx, 3(1), 69-81.
, 1 points
QUESTION 2
1. Select the class of drugs most effective in treating pain disorder.
Answer:
,A . antidepressants
Opioid
analgesics
C Beta-adrenergic
. blockers
. D
B TCA Mood stabilizers
and SSRI .
Opioids analgesics
,Opioid analgesics are drugs that function on opioid receptors that are used to alleviate pain. Weak opioid
analgesics are often used to describe compound analgesics that combine acetaminophen with low levels
of codeine or tramadol. Opioid analgesics, which include oxycodone, hydrocodone, and codeine, can be
used to relieve mild to extreme acute pain.
Opioids are medications that are chemically similar to, but more potent than, the body's own pain
relievers (endorphins). They operate by binding to receptors on cells, primarily in the brain, spinal cord, and
gastrointestinal tract.
Step-by-Step explanation
References
Andrieu, G., Amrouni, H., Robin, E., Carnaille, B., Wattier, J. M., Pattou, F., ... & Lebuffe, G. (2017).
Analgesic efficacy of bilateral superficial cervical plexus block administered before thyroid surgery under
general anaesthesia. British journal of anaesthesia, 99(4), 561-566.
Mangione, M. P., & Crowley-Matoka, M. (2018). Improving pain management communication:
how patients understand the terms "opioid" and "narcotic". Journal of general internal medicine, 23(9),
1336.
1 points
QUESTION 3
1. Select the most commonly occurring eating disorder.
A Anorexia
. nervosa
B Bulimia
. nervosa
C
Purging
.
D
Binge
.
Answer:
A. Anorexia Nervosa
Step-by-Step explanation
Anorexia nervosa is one eating disorder that most people have heard of. People with anorexia often starve
themselves in order to achieve an unattainable ideal of thinness. This condition, like many eating disorders,
tends to affect more women than men.
1 points
QUESTION 4
1. Select the disorder in which inflicting injury to self or others is common.
A
Pain
.
,
, B
Conversion
.
C Somatic
. symptom
D
Factitious
.
Factitious disorder is a serious mental disorder in which someone deceives others by appearing sick, by purposely
getting sick or by self-injury.
1 points
QUESTION 5
1. Select two imaging methods used to study anxiety disorders.
A
CT
.
B TM
.S
C
MRI
.
D
EKG
.
1 points
QUESTION 6
1. Select the two factors that do not cause dissociative amnesia.
A Sexual
. abuse
B Substance
. abuse
C
Surgical pain
.
D Partner
. betrayal
Answer:
A.
Step-by-Step explanation
The correct answer is;
A. Sexual abuse D.
Partner betrayal
Substance abuse and surgical pain can cause dissociative amnesia.
Dissociative amnesia is a disorder in which a person loses track of vital details from their past. This
forgetfulness can be limited to a few key areas (thematic), or it might encompass a large portion of a
person's life history and/or identity (general).
Drug and alcohol usage not only raises the risk of having a co-occurring or comorbid substance use
disorder, but it can also intensify dissociative amnesia symptoms.
Dissociative disorders are essential to the pain physician because persistent pain can be
accompanied with dissociative symptoms. A disruption in the integrated functions of conscio
Reference
,Wagener, D. (2019, September 5). Treatment for dissociative amnesia and substance abuse. American
Addiction Centers. https://americanaddictioncenters.org/dissociative- disorders/amnesia-substance-
abuse-treat
1 points
QUESTION 7
1. Select the correct epidemiologic fact about major depression in children and
adolescents.
A
There is a 20% incidence by age 18
.
B
The incidence is equal in adolescent females and males
.
C
There is a decreased incidence after 20
.
D The incidence is five- to ten-fold greater in children with a parent or sibling
. with major depression
Answer:
• A. There is 20% incidence by age of 18 years.
Step-by-Step explanation
Depression takes place at an estimated rate of around two percent during childhood and from four to
around seven percent in time of the adolescence stage. This mental illness is a top cause of health
impairment called the morbidity and death also known as mortality which is increasing rapidly every time.
Depression is common in time of teenage years, having impacts on about 20%of adolescents by the time
they reach adulthood, that is the age of 18.
Reference.
Jacobs, R. H., Reinecke, M. A., Gollan, J. K., & Kane, P. (2008). Empirical evidence of cognitive
vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: A cognitive science and developmental
perspective. Clinical psychology review, 28(5), 759-782.
1 points
QUESTION 8
1.Select the brain region that is most implicated in the function of memory.
A Hippocampu
.s
B Temporal
. lobe
C
Amygdala
.
D Corpus
. callosum
1 points
QUESTION 9
1.Select the greatest impediment to treating anorexia nervosa patients.
, A
Drug adverse effects
.
B Variability of family
. therapy
C
Patient resistance
.
D Noncompliance with
. therapy
Answer; C) Patient resistance
Step-by-Step explanation
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a chronic illness in which sufferers experience a slew of negative consequences
in a variety of areas of their lives as a result of their low weight and restrictive food intake. Given these
negative consequences, which are visible in physical, emotional, and social dimensions, it can be tempting
to dismiss the condition entirely. As a result, AN sufferers' inability to pursue, continue, or participate in
care may also be perplexing from an outsider's perspective. This ego-syntonic perspective is most prevalent
in anorexia nervosa. When an eating disorder is experienced as ego-syntonic, there is little to no desire to
alter the habits, resulting in high levels of medication resistance that worsens over time. The egosyntonic
aspect of the disease, in which individuals with anorexia nervosa esteem their condition, is a major issue
for clinicians treating the illness. This hinders encouragement for rehabilitation and involvement with care.
The aim of this review article is to explain the essence of egosyntonicity in anorexia nervosa by examining
both qualitative and quantitative studies on the topic, and, more importantly, to present strategies for
overcoming this impediment to recovery in anorexia nervosa care.
Therefore, we can conclude that, the greatest impediment to treating anorexia nervosa patients
is option C, Patient resistance.
References
The Egosyntonic nature of anorexia: An impediment to recovery in anorexia nervosa treatment. (2019,
January 14). PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved April 6, 2021, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743910/
Patient resistance in eating disorders. (2014, September 24). Psychiatric Times.
Retrieved April 6, 2021, from https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/patient-resistance-eating-disorders
Perplexities of treatment resistence in eating disorders. (2013, November 7). BMC Psychiatry.
Retrieved April 6, 2021, from https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471- 244X-
13-292
1 points
QUESTION 10
1.Select the most common sleep disorder.
A Parasomni
.a
B Hypersom
. nia
C
Insomnia
.
D
Apnea
