PSYC 140 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Module 3 Exam Answers Key

This is an all-inclusive guide to PSYC 140 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Module 3 Exam Answers Key. True or false? Two-year-olds weigh, on average, about 30 lbs. T 2. True or false? Early in life, infants have far more neural connections than they need. T 3. True or false? Infancy is one of the most rapid periods of development across the lifespan. T 4. True or false? Gross motor skills generally develop before fine motor skills. T 5. True or false? Piaget emphasized the role of the individual in constructing knowledge. T Answer Key Answer the following questions. Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. 1. What are Primary Circular Reactions, according to Piaget? Be sure to describe this in sufficient detail. Also, what specific behaviors can be observed during this substage? (8 points) Answers need to describe in sufficient detail infants discovering their own bodies and becoming more intentional about moving and playing with body parts, reflexes going away, and habits forming. 6 pts for addressing each of these in sufficient detail. Examples of specific behaviors (including specific body parts) need to be included. 2 pts 2. What is a “schema,” according to Piaget? (2 points) An organized way of making sense of experiences. Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage: *How children change— environment/behavior* • Time period: Birth to age 2 • Two parts: Sensory & Motor • 6 sequential substages Sensorimotor Stage: 1. Reflexes: basic building block to motor & cognitive development (automatic not voluntary) 2. First Habits & Primary Circular Reactions: On purpose and self-focused (usually on accident— infant will discover something they like to do— thumb sucking is an example)— find sensation accidentally- focused on self 3. Circular Reactions: On purpose, focused on external world— (baby becomes more intentional in what it wants to do— eyesight becomes better— becomes more mobileinfant can interact with a rattle and motor development- senses being used) exploration 4. Coordination of Secondary Circular: More coordination and goal-directed behavior— (because of the greater development of motor skills— can actually play with toys intentionally and interacts with it with more meaning and purpose. 5. Tertiary Circular Reactions: Involves experimentation, multiple behavior— (greater complexity here)— now they have enough development to use two toys at once— multiple behaviors— and coordination is involved— 6. Internalization of Schemes- Infant can use symbols (an internal representation). Can think about events without having to do them. * Object permanence: the understanding that an object exists even when its out of sight)*— The idea of not seeing something in front of you and thinking about them— important to understand scheme— remember the meaning of what mom means to you— means food/attention/etc — playing peek a boo Cannot build an attachment without object permanence- attachment theoryis a close and important bond the child has with their caregiver— especially the relationship with mom—early on in life you need a close relationship this is in order to have normal healthy relationships later in life. Its the idea of how is your relationship with your mom and dad and how this relationship affect you later in life. The Strange Situation Experiment— Stranger, mom, researcher (Mary Ainsworth) Types of Attachment: Secure: 65% Avoidant: 20% Resistant: 10-15% Disorganized: 5-10% Secure attachment they have normal behaviors— child crying, looking for mom, concern of a stranger coming in, baby is excited to have mom come back— normal behaviors (2yr old etc) Anxious/avoidant pattern: when mom comes back in they are uninterested they keep doing their own thing— get focused on the activity and seem uninterested in the parent— they pull back or push her away. Anxious Resistance: They may actively resist her— hit her— punish her for leaving and want mom to go away— not wanting the parent there — unusual in a young child Disorganized category— the child seems out of it— child doesn’t seem Well in any phase— odd behaviors— unaware of what’s going on— child abuse— red flag behavior resource was shared via CourseH Factors Affecting Attachment: • Opportunity for attachment • Quality of caregiving • Sensitive caregiving • Responsiveness • Warmth • Infant qualities • Family circumstances If the mom is not being responsive to the Childs needs can cause later issues in life for the child— how can I provide with my child’s needs The Newborn The smell of a newborn infant. The feel of holding a baby in your arms. Kissing tiny fingers and toes. These are sensations that parents relish their entire lives. Many developmental experts note that babies seem to evoke very nurturing responses in most healthy adults, due to their appearance and dependency. A. Infant Reflexes Despite being entirely dependent on caregivers, however, infants do come equipped with reflexes that either help to protect them or enable them to get an early start on motor skills. Each of these reflexes eventually go away when no longer needed. A lingering reflex may indicate brain damage. A list of key infant reflexes is below. See if you know or can guess what the function of each is: Rooting Moro Reflex Grasping Reflex (also known as Palmar grasp) Stepping Reflex Answers: Rooting involves the baby turning her head when her cheek or mouth is touched. It presumably aids feeding as the infant finds something to suck.