NUR 3805 Final Exam by Topics completed with 100% correct Answers

NUR 3805 Final Exam by Topics completed with 100% correct Answers NUR 3805 Final Exam by Topics completed with 100% correct Answers Chapter 1: Beginning the Journey Chapter 2: Socialization to Professional Nursing Roles Chapter 3: Historical Foundations of Professional Nursing Chapter 4: Ethical Foundations of Professional Nursing Chapter 5: Legal Foundations of Professional Nursing Chapter 6: Remembering Development in Nursing Chapter 7: Providing Care in Home and Community Chapter 8: The Nurse as Health Promoter and Care Provider Chapter 1: Beginning the Journey Question 1 Which societal changes have promoted the nurse’s return to school and further education? (Select all that apply.) 1. Patients have increasingly more complex and varied health needs. 2. Previously unknown diseases are being identified. 3. New technologies are being developed that require continual knowledge updates. 4. Patients are staying longer in the hospital. 5. There is a relative increase in the number of children in the population. Correct Answer: 1, 2, 3 Rationale: Changes in society have placed new demands on nurses. The population is aging and these older patients have more complex and varied health problems. New diseases related to social and environmental problems are being identified. Scientific discoveries and new technologies require the nurse to continually update his or her knowledge base in order to provide safe and competent care. Patients are going home from the hospital earlier (not staying longer), so much more care is being provided in community and outpatient settings. The population is aging so there is not a relative increase in the number of children in the population. Question 2 Which statement regarding age trends of RNs is correct? 1. The average age of persons holding RN licensure has remained the same for the last 10 years. 2. The average age of male RN graduates is decreasing while the age for female RN graduates is increasing. 3. The average age of RN graduates has increased. 4. Overall, the average age of practicing RNs has decreased. Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: The average age of RNs has increased. In 2000, the average age of RNs was 45.2 years; in 2013, the average age of RNs had increased to 50 years. There is no information in the text regarding age as it applies to gender. Question 3 According to the 2013 National Workforce Survey, what is the highest level of educational preparation for the majority of RNs? 1. Diploma 2. Associate degree 3. Baccalaureate degree 4. Master’s degree Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: According to The 2013 National Nursing Workforce Survey of Registered Nurses by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing and The Forum of State Nursing Workforce Centers, 8% of nurses hold a diploma, 29% of nurses hold an associate degree, 36% of nurses hold a baccalaureate degree, and 13.9% of nurses hold a master’s or doctoral degree as their highest level of educational preparation. Question 4 How have the practice settings for nurses changed since 1980? 1. There has been little or no change in these settings. 2. The settings have shifted from the community to the hospital. 3. There has been a shift from the hospital to long-term care settings. 4. They have shifted from acute-care to community or primary care settings. Correct Answer: 4 Rationale: The focus of professional nursing practice is shifting from acute hospital- based illness care to primary outpatient-based community care, emphasizing health promotion and illness/injury preventions. The percentage of RNs working in hospitals decreased from 66% in 1980 to 56.2% in 2004. Question 5 What statement about specialty certification in nursing is true? 1. Specialty certification guarantees increase in salary for the nurse. 2. Healthcare agencies rarely recognize certifications by nursing specialty groups. 3. The nurse who works in hospital practice must hold at least one specialty certification. 4. The nurse must demonstrate extensive experience and continuing education in the specialty area. Correct Answer: 4 Rationale: To be eligible to take the certification exam, the nurse must demonstrate extensive experience and continuing education in the specialty area. Although there is no guarantee that the nurse’s salary will be increased, healthcare agencies do recognize these certifications. There is no requirement that the nurse hold a specialty certification to work in a hospital; however, work in specialty areas, such as the emergency department, critical care areas, or surgery, may require certification. Question 6 The nurse has been promoted from staff nurse to supervisor and is trying to make a transition to the new role. Which behavior reflects that the nurse is in the ending phase of Bridges’ model of transition? 1. The nurse is working to move forward in the job, avoiding the temptation of going back to familiar ways of thinking. 2. The nurse is beginning to accept the responsibilities of the new position. 3. The nurse has accepted that relationships with former peers on the unit will change. 4. The nurse questions the wisdom of accepting the new position. Correct Answer: 4 Rationale: Bridges’ model of transition consists of three phases. The first phase, called the ending phase, consists of the individual “letting go” of the old situation. This phase consists of four components: disengagement, disidentification, disenchantment, and disorientation. The nurse who is questioning the wisdom of accepting the new position is in the letting go phase of disorientation. The second phase, neutral zone, is exemplified in this question by the nurse beginning to accept the responsibilities of the new position and accepting that relationships with former peers will change. As the nurse works to move forward in the job, resisting the temptation to go back to familiar ways of thinking and working, the nurse has moved into the final stage of transition, new beginnings. Question 7 The nurse who has gone back to school to earn a master’s degree is eager to talk with peers who are also considering going back to school. Which stage of Spencer and Adams’ model of transition does this desire most closely exemplify? 1. Stage 2, minimizing the impact. 2. Stage 4, letting go of the past. 3. Stage 6, searching for meaning. 4. Stage 7, integration. Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Spencer and Adams describe a seven-stage model. The nurse’s actions most closely exemplify Stage 6, searching for meaning. In this stage, the individual desires to help others who are experiencing a similar situation. In Stage 2, minimizing the impact, the person feels a need to go back to what was normal or comfortable in order to avoid the full effect of the changes taking place. In Stage 4, letting go of the past, the individual begins to focus on the change’s benefits and to look forward to those benefits. Stage 7, integration, is the stage of completion. In this stage, the individual experiences satisfaction and self-confidence. Question 8 The individual going through a transition may experience many feelings. Which feelings are common? (Select all that apply.) 1. Anger 2. Anxiety 3. Knowledge 4. Confusion 5. Grief Correct Answer: 1, 2, 4, 5 Rationale: A variety of emotions and feelings are common when an individual is going through a transition. These feelings include anger, anxiety, confusion, and grief. Feeling knowledgeable will not occur until the individual has been functioning in the transitioned role for some time. Question 9 The nurse has elected to return to school to pursue a baccalaureate degree. After the first week of classes, the nurse is overwhelmed. Which stage of Spencer and Adams’ model of transition is this nurse most likely experiencing? 1. Losing focus 2. Minimizing the impact 3. The pit 4. Letting go of the past Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: Losing focus is Stage 1 of Spencer and Adams’ model of transition. In this stage, the individual has difficulty keeping things in perspective and may feel overwhelmed and panicked. Minimizing the impact is Stage 2, in which the individual may resist the change or ignore the need for change. The pit is Stage 3, and the individual may have feelings of depression, grief, anger, or powerlessness. Letting go of the past is Stage 4, in which there is a move toward optimism. Question 10 The nurse who is returning to school to pursue a baccalaureate degree in nursing states, “I don’t know why I am putting myself through this. I have practiced just fine for 10 years as an associate degree nurse.” Which strategy, recommended by a friend, would be helpful in overcoming this feeling? 1. “Why don’t you take a one semester break from school?” 2. “Remember that a lot of people are depending on you.” 3. “Just think how much better a nurse you will be when you finish.” 4. “Think about all the extra money you will get when you graduate.” Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Reframing the nurse’s comment helps to focus on the positive. “Just think how much better a nurse you will be when you finish” helps the nurse remember the reason for seeking further education. If the nurse takes a break in this frame of mind, returning to school is unlikely. This nurse is already stressed, so focus on the dependence of others on him or her is unlikely to be very comforting. Although there may be some increase in salary associated with the BS degree, it is usually not substantial. Focus on a potential salary change that is not close in time will do little to assist the nurse in this period. Question 11 The nurse who has decided to seek a master’s degree asks the hospital’s chief nurse for support. The chief nurse followed a career path from associate degree nurse, to baccalaureate nurse, to master’s prepared nurse, and eventually obtained a nursing doctorate. The chief nurse would be acting in which role for the new student? 1. Colleague 2. Friend 3. Faculty 4. Mentor Correct Answer: 4 Rationale: While the nurses in the scenario may consider themselves friends and colleagues, the description of the role of the chief nurse most closely describes that of mentor. There is no indication that the chief nurse is fulfilling the role of faculty. Question 12 The nurse has decided to go back to school. Which group is most likely to provide physical and financial support to this nurse? 1. Mentor 2. Family and friends 3. Career ladder organization 4. State nursing organization Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: Although every person’s situation is different, family and friends are generally more likely to provide physical and financial support of some type. Mentors provide intellectual support along with information about the role transition. Career path organizations and state nursing organizations provide support related to career information and study skills, not specific physical and financial support. Question 13 Which individual would most likely be the best choice as a mentor to an associate degree nurse who has enrolled in a baccalaureate nursing completion program? 1. A colleague at work who holds an associate degree. 2. A nurse who completed an ADN to RN program five years ago. 3. The minister of the nurse’s church. 4. The physician chief of staff at the hospital where the nurse works. Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: The best choice for mentor is someone who has successfully achieved the transition the nurse is seeking; therefore, a nurse who completed an ADN to RN program would be the preferred mentor. Because the colleague at work has not completed the desired transition, that nurse would not understand the pressures of the program. Although the minister and the physician might offer support, they would not fulfill the mentor position as well as someone who has lived through the transition. Question 14 The nursing student identifies a personal tendency toward procrastination. Which approach would be beneficial to this student? 1. Plan the majority of study in the two days prior to scheduled exams. 2. Plan recreational activities each week. 3. Limit reading to essential content. 4. Try to complete assigned papers in one setting. Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: Good time management requires good physical health, which requires adequate sleep, good nutrition, and recreation. The student should develop a time plan that includes keeping up with assigned readings, ongoing study throughout the course (not just before exams), and preplanning for papers and projects. Although the reading load in nursing school is heavy, the student should read everything assigned. Ideally, papers should be written, put away, and then reviewed at a later time prior to submission. Question 15 The nurse has received a financial aid package that has a “forgiveness” clause. What can the nurse expect as a result of this clause being part of this package? 1. If the student decides to change majors, the financial aid will be transferred to the new degree. 2. The student will not have to pay back some portion of the financial aid package if the student works in a specific location for a period of time after graduation. 3. Because the student is going to be a nurse, the amount of the financial aid package will be forgiven if the nurse continues to pursue advanced degrees in nursing. 4. The student won’t have to pay any money back unless the student’s grades fall below satisfactory. Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: Although financial aid packages can be written in many ways, the most common meaning of “forgiveness” is that the recipient will not have to pay a portion (or sometimes all) of the money back if the recipient works in a specific location or specialty for a period of time after graduation. In most cases, financial aid packages change (and may be invalid or have to be repaid) when majors change or when grades are not satisfactory. In either case, the money owed is not forgiven. Although the student may continue to receive aid of some sort while seeking advanced degrees, there is a limit to federal aid that cannot be exceeded; and simply seeking advanced degrees does not mean that money owed does not have to be repaid. Question 16 The nursing student would like to talk with a faculty advisor prior to registering for next semester’s classes. What is the best strategy for this student? 1. Catch the faculty member after a lecture and ask for a few minutes to talk. 2. Stop by the faculty member’s office to see whether the faculty member has time to talk. 3. Call the faculty member and request a time to meet for advisement. 4. Talk to the faculty member in the cafeteria at school. Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Faculty has multiple assignments and responsibilities. The best way to assure that the faculty member is prepared to help the student is for the student to call for an appointment. Although it might be more convenient for the student to catch the faculty member after a lecture or during lunch, the faculty member is likely not to be focused on the student’s needs at those times. Dropping by the faculty member’s office is the second best option, but the faculty member may be engaged with another student or another responsibility, so the best use of time is to call for an appointment. Question 17 The nursing faculty has instructed students to use electronic literature databases to research for course papers. Which options should the nursing student use? (Select all that apply.) 1. Medline 2. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 3. T 4. Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) 5. American Psychological Association (APA) Correct Answer: 1, 4 Question 18 The nursing student is concerned because a faculty member does not follow the outline of the textbook chapters during class. What is true about this situation? 1. Many faculty use textbook reading as background for more advanced discussion. 2. The student should bring this oversight to the faculty member’s attention. 3. The only way to correct this behavior is to report the faculty to the director of the nursing program. 4. The faculty member is probably not very comfortable with the material in the textbook. Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: Many nursing faculty use textbook reading to provide background information for more advanced discussion of the topic being covered. There is no indication that this faculty member is not comfortable with the textbook material. This educational strategy is valid and is not a reason for the student to report the faculty member or to enlighten the faculty member about what the student identifies as an oversight. Question 19 The nursing student has identified a discrepancy between what is written in the textbook and what the nursing faculty member said during theory class. What should the student do? 1. Wait and see whether the material is covered on the next exam. 2. Ask a clinical staff nurse for clarification of the topic. 3. Request an appointment with the faculty member who taught the material. 4. Look the topic up on the Internet for clarification. Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: In this case, the discrepancy is between what is written in the textbook and what the student has understood from theory class. The most logical approach is to request an appointment with the faculty member who taught the material so that questions about the topic can be discussed. Reputable Internet sites and clinical staff nurses are good resources for general topics, but this question is a particular discrepancy that should be clarified with the person who taught the material. Waiting to see whether the material is covered on the next exam is a passive action that will not help the student learn the correct concepts. in nursing practice. Question 20 The nursing student is planning to study all weekend for a final exam scheduled on Monday. Is this a good strategy for study? 1. Yes; this method will assure all material is fresh in the student’s mind. 2. No; the student should plan on an all-night study session on Sunday night only. 3. Yes, but the best strategy is to invite six or seven fellow students to join in the session 4. No; study should be incremental across the semester with a general review the day before the exam. Correct Answer: 4 Rationale: The best strategy is to study often, covering small portions of content as they are presented in the theory classroom. Marathon study sessions such as the one described in this question do not allow for consideration and processing of the material. The presence of multiple people in the marathon study session is even less productive. These large sessions tend to become social events rather than study events. All-night study sessions make the student sleep deprived on the day of the examination. Question 21 How much study should the student plan for each hour spent in class per week? 1. 30 minutes 2. 1 to 3 hours 3. 4 to 5 hours 4. 8 hours Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: The minimum recommended time for study is one hour for each hour spent in class. Most experts recommend between one and 3 hours of study for each hour spent in class. Question 22 Why is self-reflection important to the student? 1. It is the only way to discover whether the student is suitable for nursing. 2. Self-reflection is required by the state nursing practice acts of all states. 3. It helps the student understand self in relation to professional role. 4. Self-reflection is part of the code of ethics for nurses. Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Self-reflection is important in understanding self in relation to the professional role of a nurse. Although self-reflection is very important, it is neither a state nursing practice act requirement nor a part of the code of ethics for nurses. There are many ways to discover the student’s suitability for nursing. lifelong, continuous learning of information technology skills. Question 23 The nursing student is completing the Critical Thinking Exercises in the textbook. What is a strategy for getting the most benefit from these exercises? 1. Look for the single best answer to the questions asked. 2. Work independently to find answers. 3. Look for answers in an appendix in the back of the book. 4. Discuss the questions with classmates. Correct Answer: 4 Rationale: Discussing the Critical Thinking Exercises in the book with classmates can enhance and expand the student’s understanding of text content. These exercises have multiple answer possibilities, and it is often best to work in groups on the answers. Simply looking up answers in the book is not a good way to learn. Question 24 The nursing student attempting to validate an Internet source wonders whether the source’s author is credible in the field. How can this student make this determination? (Select all that apply.) 1. Review the author’s credentials. 2. Assume the author is credible because he or she is published on the Internet. 3. Conduct a literature search using the author’s name. 4. Look for links to information about the author. 5. Identify sites sponsored by the author individually as valid. Correct Answer: 1, 3, 4 Rationale: In order to assess an author’s credibility, the student should review the author’s credentials, conduct a literature search using the author’s name, or look for links to information about the author. Just because an author is published on the Internet does not mean the author is credible. Authors that self-sponsor their Internet sites may not be credible. Question 25 What is one indicator that an Internet site may not be accurate? 1. A long bibliography is provided for additional information. 2. There are spelling errors on the site. 3. An editor is listed on the site. 4. Background information is provided by link, not on site. Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: To assess the accuracy of an Internet site, the reader should look for a bibliography or links to background information or bibliography. Spelling errors and grammatical errors may indicate that there is no editor for the site, suggesting that the material has not been reviewed for accuracy. Question 26 The nursing instructor is preparing material to review the Bridges’ Model of Transition with beginning nursing students. In which order should the instructor introduce this material? 1. Neutral zone 2. Disorientation 3. Disengagement 4. New beginnings 5. Disenchantment 6. Disidentification Correct Answer: 3, 6, 5, 2, 1, 4 Rationale: Within the ending phase, Bridges describes four components: disengagement, disidentification, disenchantment, and disorientation. Disengagement occurs when the person is separated from previous familiar settings or roles. Disidentification is the loss of self-definition. Disenchantment is the understanding that the individual’s world has changed. Disorientation is the sense of confusion that occurs with change, the period of emptiness as one moves from the previous or old phase to the new phase. The neutral zone is the second phase of transition. The neutral zone is, in itself, a transition between the ending phase and the phase of new beginnings. The final phase of Bridges’ model is called new beginnings. In this phase, there is an acceptance of new knowledge, values, attitudes, and behaviors associated with the role change. models of transition to professional role change. Question 27 The preceptor is reviewing material prior to discussing Spencer and Adams’s Models of Transition with a group of new nursing students. In which order should the preceptor introduce this information? 1. The pit 2. Integration 3. Losing focus 4. Testing the limits 5. Letting go of the past 6. Minimizing the impact 7. Searching for meaning Correct Answer: 3, 6, 1, 5, 4, 7. 2 Rationale: Spencer and Adams developed a model of transition that includes seven stages: 1. losing focus; 2. minimizing the impact; 3. the pit; 4. letting go of the past; 5. testing the limits; 6. searching for meaning; and 7. integration. Question 28 The Vice President of Nursing is analyzing the number of nurses currently employed who have baccalaureate degrees. Of the current 750 nurses, 225 have this degree. To meet the average of 36% of nurses having this degree, how many additional nurses will need to earn this degree in nursing? Correct Answer: 45 Rationale: The current number of nurses with a baccalaureate degree is 30% (750 × 30% = 225). To meet the average of 36%, a total of 270 nurses will need this degree. If 225 currently have this degree then 270 – 225 = 45 nurses will need to earn this degree. Chapter 2: Socialization to Professional Nursing Roles Question 1 Which organization published a 1965 position paper that identified associate degree nurses as “technical nurses”? 1. The American Medical Association 2. The American Nurses Association 3. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing 4. The National League for Nursing Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: In 1965, the American Nurses Association published a position paper on education of nurses that differentiated nurses with baccalaureate degrees and nurses with associate degrees as professional and technical nurses. The other organizations listed did not publish such papers. Question 2 The student nurse is using Pavalko’s work to support the argument that nursing is a profession. Which criteria should this student investigate as related to nursing? (Select all that apply.) 1. Relevance to social values 2. A code of ethics 3. Theory 4. Individual identity 5. Abstract knowledge Correct Answer: 1, 2, 3, 5 Rationale: Pavalko listed eight categories as criteria to determine whether an occupation is a profession. Those eight categories are: 1. work is based on a systematic body of theory and abstract knowledge; 2. work has social value; 3. work is a service to the public; 4. education is required for specialization; 5. Autonomy; 6. commitment to the profession; 7. group identity and subculture; and 8. a code of ethics. Question 3 Which option best describes discipline as it applies to nursing? 1. The discipline of nursing refers to autonomy of nursing practice. 2. The discipline of nursing is nursing’s distinct body of knowledge. 3. The discipline of nursing is nursing’s standards of practice. 4. The discipline of nursing refers to nursing’s code of ethics. Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: A discipline is a branch of knowledge, and human knowledge is divided into disciplines. Therefore, the discipline of nursing refers to that body of knowledge distinct to nursing. Although nursing is often autonomous, is governed by standards of practice, and has a rigorous code of ethics, those concepts are not the discipline of nursing. Question 4 What is the only major discipline that does not require its members to hold at least a baccalaureate degree in order to be licensed? 1. Nursing 2. Medicine 3. Physical therapy 4. Dentistry Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: Nursing is the only major discipline listed in which a person can be licensed without a baccalaureate degree in the discipline. Most health-related disciplines require a degree advanced even beyond the baccalaureate level. Question 5 What is the issue most central to the controversy over level of entry into professional nursing? 1. Professional title 2. Reimbursement for services 3. Definition of a profession 4. Cost of tuition Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: The central issue involved in level of entry into professional nursing is the definition of a profession. Although nursing currently meets the criteria for a profession, some criteria are met at a minimal level. Many feel that a baccalaureate degree would prepare the nurse to better meet those criteria. Professional title and reimbursement for services are also issues associated with entry level, but they are not as central to the issue as is the definition of a profession. Tuition cost is an issue with all levels of entry into practice. Question 6 The newly licensed nurse is modeling clinical actions and decisions after nurses who have worked on the unit for many years. In which activity is this nurse engaging? 1. Socialization 2. Ethics discrimination 3. Sanctioning 4. Norming Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: Socialization is the process by which people learn social rules and become members of groups. It is accomplished by modeling self-behaviors after those occupying the role being assumed. Sanctions are actions used to enforce norms. Adopting the norms and ethics of a profession is a part of the socialization process. Question 7 The newly licensed nurse committed a clinical error and was sanctioned by the unit manager. What is the purpose of a sanction? 1. Enforcement of norms 2. Documentation of wrongdoing 3. Development of leader-follower leveling 4. Externalization of ethics Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: Sanctions can be internal or external, positive or negative, and are used to enforce norms. They are used to increase internalization of ethics. Although the sanction will often result in a “paper trail” or documentation of the nurse’s error and may serve to reinforce the leader’s position as supervisor over this nurse, this is not its central purpose. Question 8 The newly licensed nurse finds many inconsistencies between what was taught in nursing school and what occurs in the practice setting. How is this situation likely to affect this nurse’s socialization into nursing practice? 1. It probably won’t have much effect. 2. It may hinder socialization. 3. It will make the new graduate a better nurse. 4. It will force the nurse to socialize more quickly. Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: Generally, the more congruence there is between what was taught in nursing school and the way the new nurse is expected to practice, the more successful the socialization. Lack of congruence can impede socialization, not quicken it. It may also interfere with the quality of the nurse’s practice. Question 9 How does a return to school for a baccalaureate degree affect socialization of practicing nurses? 1. It has little effect. 2. These nurses regress in socialization back to the pre-nursing levels. 3. These nurses experience resocialization in many ways. 4. Resocialization does not occur until the degree is completed. Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Returning to school triggers professional resocialization in registered nurses. These nurses must reassume the student role, must reassess their personal practice, and must begin to identify with those who hold the degree the student seeks. There is no indication that the nurse regresses to pre-nursing levels, as experiences as a nurse have already resulted in initial socialization. Resocialization occurs throughout the education process. Question 10 One model of professional socialization consists of three stages: Stage 1, proficiency in specific tasks; Stage 2, attachment to significant others in the work environment; and Stage 3, internalization of the values of the professional group and adoption of behaviors it prescribes. Who developed this model? 1. Simpson 2. Hinshaw 3. Davis 4. Benner Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: This three-stage model was developed by Ida Harper Simpson. Hinshaw’s model is in three phases, but those phases are described differently. Davis’s model consists of six stages. Benner described stages of nursing expertise. Question 11 The first-semester nursing student expresses concern that staff actions in the clinical setting do not reflect the same standards being taught in nursing classes. Which stage of Davis’s model does this represent? 1. Initial innocence 2. Labeled recognition of incongruity 3. Role simulation 4. Provisional internalization Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: Students come into nursing with an idea of what they believe nursing to be. This describes Davis’s stage of initial innocence. When the student begins to see that nursing is different from the presupposed view and that practice does not always match theory, the student has moved into labeled recognition of incongruity. In role simulation, the student begins to “act the part” of the nurse, even though true assimilation of the values has not occurred. Provisional internalization occurs when the student begins to vacillate between commitment to his or her former image of nursing and performance of new behaviors attached to the professional image. The last stage is stable internalization, when the student’s behavior reflects the educationally and professionally approved model. Question 12 The newly licensed nurse is experiencing reality shock related to first employment as a nurse. Which socialization model should this nurse investigate for information on coping with this issue? 1. Hinshaw 2. Davis 3. Kramer 4. Simpson Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Kramer’s model is related to reality shock and postgraduate resocialization. Hinshaw, Davis, and Simpson developed models that are linked to initial socialization of the nurse or nursing student into the role. Question 13 What are Patricia Benner’s five levels of proficiency in nursing? 1. Student, graduate, clinical specialist, practitioner, clinician. 2. Pre-professional, technical, professional, advanced, expert. 3. Novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, expert. 4. Student, staff nurse, manager, supervisor, director. Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Benner describes five levels of proficiency in nursing that are based upon the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition derived from a study of chess players and airline pilots. The five stages are novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. The other options do not list these stages. Question 14 Which element of a role is described as how the person assuming the role believes he or she should behave in the role? 1. Performed role 2. Ideal role 3. Perceived role 4. Provision role Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: The perceived role refers to how the person who is assuming the role believes (or perceives) he or she should behave in the role. The ideal role refers to the socially prescribed or agreed-upon rights and responsibilities associated with the role. The performed role refers to what the person assuming the role actually does. Provision role is not one of the three elements of role described in the textbook. Question 15 The newly licensed nurse has theoretical knowledge and technical skill abilities but has difficulty working within the constraints of the nursing unit. What issue associated with role development does this situation exemplify? 1. Sending 2. Role formation 3. Reality shock 4. Mastery Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Transition shock or reality shock may happen when the perceived role comes into conflict with the performed role. Role sending involves the members of the role set communicating role expectations. Role formation is affected by factors such as personality, attitudes, qualifications, educational preparation, and clarity of communication. Role mastery is when a person demonstrates behaviors that meet the societal or cultural expectations associated with the specific role. Question 16 Which term is used to describe the process by which a person assumes or develops a new role? 1. Norm validation 2. Role transition 3. Cognitive dissonance 4. Role incumbent Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: Role transition is a process by which a person assumes or develops a new role. Norms are the general expectations that support role behaviors, and validating these norms is essential to role development. Cognitive dissonance is a situation in which what a person knows intellectually does not match experience. The role incumbent is the person who is assuming a role. Question 17 What determinants form the boundaries for nursing roles? (Select all that apply.) 1. Education and licensure 2. Nursing practice 3. Standards of nursing practice 4. Nurse practice acts 5. Codes of ethics Correct Answer: 2, 3, 4, 5 Rationale: Determinants that form the boundaries for nursing roles include nursing practice, standards of practice, nurse practice acts, and codes of ethics. Education and licensure are not determinants that form the boundaries for nursing roles. Question 18 What is true of standards of nursing practice? 1. They are written by the American Medical Association. 2. They outline the minimal care expected by patients. 3. They affect only the nurse-patient relationship. 4. They define the nurse’s professional legal obligations. Correct Answer: 4 Rationale: Standards of nursing practice define the nurse’s ethical and legal obligations to clients and their support persons, to employers, and to society. The standards are established by the nursing profession. They outline nursing functions and the level of excellence required of the nurse. Question 19 The nurse manager is concerned that the nursing staff is experiencing role stress related to higher acuity of clients. What is one way in which this manager could address this issue? 1. Encourage supportive relationships among the staf f nurses. 2. Advocate for longer length of stay for these higher acuity clients. 3. Limit the number of high-acuity clients that can be admitted to the unit. 4. Create a structured management system with no room for individual variance. Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: Factors found to be associated with role stress for nurses include having little control in the job, high demands or overload, and low supportive relationships. Encouraging the staff nurses to be supportive of one another may help to relieve some of the role stress. The nurse manager is not really in a position to determine acuity level of admitted clients or length of stay for those clients once admitted. A structured management system with little room for individual variance takes so much control of the job away from staff nurses, that it might actually increase role strain. Question 20 A newly licensed nurse was previously employed as a unit secretary on the same unit where he now works as a staff nurse. This role transition is causing the nurse to experience stress. What information about role stress and transition would be most helpful for this nurse to consider? 1. Role stress is limited to newly licensed nurses and won’t continue after the first year of employment. 2. Taking on multiple roles on the unit will be helpful, as it will broaden the nurse’s understanding of other people’s jobs. 3. Nursing standards of care are different in the “real world” situation than they are in a theoretical situation explained in nursing school. 4. Role stress can be decreased by receiving clear and consistent information about expectations of the new role. Correct Answer: 4 Rationale: Role stress is made worse by role ambiguity, role conflict, role incongruity, role overload or underload, and by role over- or underqualification. Having clear and consistent information about expectations of the new role is helpful and combats role ambiguity. Taking on multiple roles can result in role ambiguity and overload. Nursing standards of care are universal and are not different in the “real world,” even though the standards may not be upheld by overworked, overstressed nurses. Role stress is not limited to newly licensed nurses and can occur at any time during a nurse’s career. Question 21 Which option best describes the major emphasis of the approach traditionally taken by physicians in their relationship with clients? 1. Caring 2. Communication 3. Clinical, biological 4. Behavioral science Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Physicians have traditionally taken a clinical, biological approach to their relationship with clients, with a strong emphasis on the curing aspects of care. Nurses use behavioral science and communication skills to develop their professional relationships with clients, with a strong emphasis on caring. This dichotomy can result in conflict between the physician role and the nursing role. Question 22 Which option best defines professional self-concept? 1. Being the physician’s handmaiden. 2. Achievement of Benner’s levels of proficiency. 3. The set of beliefs held true as a result of professional socialization. 4. The belief in one’s own personal worth as a result of family culture. Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Strasen (1992) defines professional self-concept as the set of beliefs and images held to be true as a result of specific professional socialization. The other options reflect processes or outcomes that may be related to or the result of an individual nurse’s Question 23 Which coping skill would be helpful as a strategy for stress reduction and time management? 1. Avoid being assigned to committees at work. 2. Delegate only when it is absolutely necessary. 3. Attend a support group to help give up the need for perfection. 4. Learn to use communication skills to win conflicts at work. Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: There are multiple methods and coping skills to help reduce stress. Most reflect a positive, healthy life and work environment. The nurse should strive for excellence in practice, but should realize that perfection is not possible. The nurse should delegate when possible and appropriate and should give up trying to do it all. Participating in committees at work can lead to the feeling of shared governance and control, which decreases stress. Communication skills should be used to seek win-win resolutions to conflict, not to get the nurse’s way. Question 24 The nursing instructor is analyzing the students in the clinical area to determine the level of doctrinal conversion process according to Davis. When analyzing these students in which order should the instructor make this analysis? 1. Stable internalization 2. Initial innocence work 3. Increasing role simulation 4. Provisional internalization 5. Psyching out and role simulation 6. Labeled recognition of incongruity Correct Answer: 2, 6, 5, 3, 4, 1 Rationale: Fred Davis describes a six-stage doctrinal conversion process among nursing students: Stage 1, initial innocence; Stage 2, labeled recognition of incongruity; Stage 3, psyching out and role simulation; Stage 4, increasing role simulation; Stage 5, provisional internalization; and Stage 6, stable internalization. Question 25 A new graduate is starting employment on a medical-surgical care area. If Kramer’s model is followed, in which order should this nurse resocialize to this new nursing role? 1. Moral outrage 2. Social integration 3. Conflict resolution 4. Skill and routine mastery Correct Answer: 4, 2, 1, 3 Rationale: Kramer describes a four-stage postgraduate resocialization model for the transition of graduates from educational setting to work setting: Stage I, skill and routine mastery; Stage II, social integration; Stage III, moral outrage; and Stage IV, conflict resolution. Question 26 The staff development instructor is preparing material for an in-service on role conflict in nurses. If the instructor provides the information according to consequences, in which order should this material be provided? 1. Role stress 2. Public image 3. Role discrepancy 4. Role value orientation Correct Answer: 1, 4, 3, 2 Rationale: Role conflict occurs when competing demands are placed on the nurse who is trying to fulfill multiple roles. The primary consequence of role conflict is role stress. A second cause of role conflict is different views concerning what nursing is and should be. Role value orientations vary considerably among practitioners; some nurses have a more traditional view of the nurse’s role than new managers or new professionalsA third cause of conflict is a discrepancy between the nursing and medical views of what the nurse’s role should be. A fourth source of conflict is the public image of nursing. Personal expectations and self-image may conflict with perceived public expectations. Chapter 3: Historical Foundations of Professional Nursing Question 1 The nursing student developing a presentation on the early history of nursing is not able to find much information about this period. Why is the nurse unable to find any information? 1. There were not many nurses, so only the sickest people received nursing care. 2. Many of those providing care to the sick were slaves. 3. Only men provided health information and care. 4. Only the wealthiest of patients were provided nursing care. Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: In early history, nursing care was often provided by female slaves. Mothers, daughters, and wives also provided care to family members during illness. This care was provided both in wealthy families and in poor families. Question 2 What was the earliest documentation of law governing the practice of medicine? 1. The Code of Hammurabi 2. The writings of Hippocrates 3. The Ebers papyrus 4. The Mosaic Code Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: The earliest documentation of law governing the practice of medicine is the Code of Hammurabi, attributed to the Babylonians and dating to 1900 BC. Hippocrates, who is considered the father of medicine, lived about 360 BC; the Ebers papyrus dates to approximately 1550 BC; the Mosaic Code is from the ancient Hebrew culture, probably around 1400 BC. Question 3 Which statement describes the significance of the Mosaic Code in the history of health care? 1. The code outlined policy and procedure for early surgical interventions. 2. Early nurses ascribed to the code as a part of their registration process. 3. Public health was improved by this first sanitary legislation. 4. This code provided strict educational requirements for physicians. Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: The Mosaic Code is considered the first sanitary legislation and contains the first record of requirements to improve public health. The code, which covered every aspect of individual, family, and community health, differentiated between clean and unclean. The code did not provide policy for surgical interventions or outline education requirements. Nurses were not “registered” at this time in history. Question 4 Which option supports the way Hippocrates viewed disease? 1. A mystical connection between the body and the stars causes disease. 2. Diseases are the result of being a victim of black magic and spells. 3. Disease is caused by naturally occurring factors. 4. Evil thoughts and deeds cause disease. Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Hippocrates is considered to be the father of medicine. He believed that disease had a natural cause, in contrast to the magical and mystical causes that had been thought to cause disease by priests and witch doctors. He did not believe disease was caused by evil thoughts and deeds. Question 5 What is the significance of Rufaidah in the development of nursing? 1. She is believed to have started the first nursing school in Islam. 2. She was a Knight Hospitaller of St. John. 3. She started the Parabolani Brotherhood. 4. After converting to Christianity, she started hospitals in Palestine. Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: Rufaidah is identified as the first nurse in Islam and started the first nursing school in Islam. The need for women care providers in the Islamic world is dictated by the custom of purdah, which makes it difficult for women to receive care from men and for men to receive care from women other than their family members. The Knights Hospitallers of St. John was a male religious order during the Middle Ages and was not associated with Rufaidah. The Parabolani Brotherhood was a group of men that provided care to the sick and dying in Rome during the third century and were not associated with Rufaidah. The person who converted to Christianity and started hospitals in Palestine was Paula, not Rufaidah. Question 6 How did the development of the Deaconess Institute at Kaiserwerth, Germany, change nursing? 1. It supported prisoners and prostitutes who wished to provide nursing care. 2. It developed a training school for nurses that included hospital care of the sick and visiting nurse instruction. 3. Nurses graduating from Kaiserwerth were the first to be called “registered” nurses. 4. This institution provided university-based training for nurses. Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: The development of the Deaconess Institute ignited recognition of the need for the services of women in the care of the sick, the poor, children, and female prisoners. The school was not university based, but did include care of the sick in hospitals, instruction in visiting nursing, instruction in religious doctrine and ethics, and pharmacy. This movement took nursing away from prisoners, prostitutes, and “uncommon” women and legitimized the role, but the graduates were not “registered” nurses. Question 7 What was the first purely nursing religious order? 1. The Lazarus sisters 2. The Saad al-Aslamy sisters 3. The Augustinian sisters 4. The Fabiolan sisters Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: The first purely nursing religious order was the Augustinian sisters. The other options are not religious orders. Question 8 What was the impact on mortality as a result of the nursing care that Nightingale and her nurses provided to wounded soldiers in Crimea? 1. There was a slight increase in mortality. 2. Mortality increased dramatically. 3. There was no change. 4. There was a dramatic decrease in mortality. Correct Answer: 4 Rationale: Before Nightingale went to Crimea, the death rate was estimated at 43%. In the course of six months of emphasis on environmental controls, the mortality rate dropped to 2%. This represents a dramatic decrease in mortality. care can be improved through the active involvement of patients and families. Question 9 During which war did Dorothea Dix serve as superintendent of the United States Army nurse corps? 1. Revolutionary War 2. Civil War 3. War of 1812 4. Spanish–American War Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: Dorothea Dix was appointed superintendent of the first nurse corps of the United States Army during the Civil War. Question 10 Which historical figures provided nursing services during the Civil War? (Select all that apply.) 1. Louisa May Alcott 2. Harriet Tubman 3. Sojourner Truth 4. Lillian Wald 5. Clara Barton Correct Answer: 1, 2, 3, 5 Rationale: Louisa May Alcott, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and Clara Barton are all historical figures associated with the Civil War. Lillian Wald is associated with World War I. Question 11 A group of nursing students are creating a poster presentation on the history of mandatory licensure laws for nurses. Which state should these students have at the earliest end of their licensure timeline? 1. New Jersey 2. New York 3. California 4. Rhode Island Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: New York passed the first mandatory licensure act in 1935, but the act did not go into effect until 1949. Question 12 The American Red Cross is planning a celebration of its founding. Which nurse should be included as an important figure? 1. Clara Barton 2. Luther Christman 3. Lucy Osborne 4. Cecilia Makiwane Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: Following the Civil War, Clara Barton traveled to Europe where she learned about the International Red Cross. After returning to the United States, she was instrumental in founding the American Red Cross in 1882. Luther Christman was the founder of the American Assembly for Men in Nursing and the National Student Nurses’ Association. Lucy Osborne is credited with founding the Sydney training school, which was the first training school for nurses in Australia that followed the Nightingale model. Cecilia Makiwane became South Africa’s first Black African professional nurse. Question 13 What is the significance of Linda Richards to nursing and society? 1. She was America’s first African American professional nurse. 2. She is considered the first trained nurse in the United States. 3. She cared for sick and wounded officers in Crimea. 4. She was the first nurse to go on to become a physician. Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: Linda Richards received her nursing certificate October 1, 1873, and became the first trained nurse in the United States. She did not go on to become a physician. Mary Mahoney was America’s first African American professional nurse. Florence Nightingale cared for sick and wounded officers in Crimea. Question 14 Which nurse founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses in 1908? 1. Mary Seacole 2. Cecilia Makiwane 3. Mary Mahoney 4. Loretta Ford Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Mary Mahoney is considered America’s first African American professional nurse and founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses in 1908. Mary Seacole opened a lodging house in the Crimea for the care of wounded and sick officers. Cecilia Makiwane was a pioneer for nurses in Africa. Loretta Ford is credited with founding the first nurse practitioner program in 1965. Question 15 Lillian Wald is known for which contribution to nursing? 1. Established the Frontier Nursing Service 2. Founded the Nursing Order of Ministers of the Sick 3. Wrote the collections of poems called Drumtops 4. Developed the Henry Street Settlement Correct Answer: 4 Rationale: Lillian Wald was a cofounder of the Henry Street Settlement. The Frontier Nursing Service was established by Mary Breckinridge. Walt Whitman wrote the collection of poems called Drumtops. The Nursing Order of Ministers of the Sick was founded by St. Camillus de Lellis. Question 16 Which African American woman was noted for her roles as both a nurse and an abolitionist during the Civil War of the United States? 1. Louisa May Alcott 2. Harriet Tubman 3. Jeanne Mance 4. Mary Seacole Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: Harriet Tubman was an abolitionist who became active with the Underground Railroad during the American Civil War. She also provided nursing care to the sick and suffering slaves and former slaves. Mary Seacole used her own money to travel to the Crimea where she set up a lodging house for the care of wounded and sick officers. Louisa May Alcott provided nursing service during the Civil War and went on to become an important literary figure. Jeanne Mance was the founder of the Hotel Dieu hospital in Montreal, Canada, and is credited with being the first lay nurse in North America. Question 17 Which nurse died as a result of experiments on yellow fever? 1. Clara Maass 2. Jeanne Mance 3. Mary Mahoney 4. Edith Cavell Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: Clara Maass allowed herself to be bitten by a mosquito to prove the theory that mosquitoes carried yellow fever. She developed a mild case of the disease, allowed herself to be bitten a second time, developed a more severe case, and died. Jeanne Mance was the founder of the Hotel Dieu hospital in Montreal, Canada, and is credited with being the first lay nurse in North America. Mary Mahoney is considered to be America’s first African American professional nurse. Edith Cavell was a nurse during World War I and was executed after being charged by the Germans with harboring British and French soldiers and aiding them in escape. Question 18 Who was the first health care provider to acquire AIDS? 1. Linda Richards 2. Clara Maass 3. Barbara Fassbinder 4. Sharon Lane Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Barbara Fassbinder was infected with HIV while caring for a patient with AIDS. She is recognized as the first health care provided to acquire AIDS on the job and died as a result of her infection in 1994. Linda Richards is considered the first trained nurse in the United States. Clara Maass was a nurse who allowed herself to be bitten by a mosquito to prove a theory that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes. She subsequently died of the disease. Sharon Lane was the only nurse to die as a result of enemy fire during the Vietnam War. Question 19 What was Sojourner Truth’s contribution to society? 1. She helped identify the similarity between the problems of African Americans and women. 2. She was a crusader for the mentally ill. 3. She was known as the “Moses of her people.” 4. Her work resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, granting women the right to vote. Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: Sojourner Truth was an early feminist and abolitionist who identified the similarity between the problems of African Americans and women. Dorothea Dix was a crusader for the mentally ill. Harriet Tubman was known as the “Moses of her people.” Lavinia Dock’s work helped to pass the Nineteenth Amendment. Question 20 The history of nursing is most strongly associated with which other factor? 1. The history of women 2. The development of medical technology 3. The growth of religion across the frontier 4. The decline of the family unit Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: There is a strong symbiosis among the history of nursing, the history of caring, and the history of women. Although there may be some link to development of medical technology, there is not a relationship to the growth of religion across the frontier or to the decline of the family unit. Question 21 The nursing faculty asks the nursing student: “What is the proposed reason that Nightingale chose to become a nurse?” Which response, made by the student, reflects the best understanding of Nightingale? 1. “She was from a poor family and needed to find a way to make a living.” 2. “She wanted to diminish the suffering of the helpless.” 3. “She wanted to provide care to the sick in hospitals.” 4. “She wanted to go to the Crimea to nurse wounded soldiers.” Correct Answer: 2 Rationale: While Nightingale did provide care to the sick in hospitals and did go to Crimea to nurse wounded soldiers, her reason for choosing to become a nurse was to diminish the suffering of the helpless. The sick in hospitals and wounded soldiers fall into that category. She was from a wealthy family and could have spent her life in luxury and ease. Question 22 What is the common denominator for nursing leaders across history? 1. They desired to obtain power in their job positions. 2. They were all women of wealth and influence. 3. They cared deeply about the society in which they lived. 4. They were focused on caring for people in hospitals. Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Across history, nursing leaders have cared deeply about the society in which they lived. Many of these leaders did not have an official “job position” and power was focused on caring, not on influence over others. Whereas some nurse leaders were wealthy (Nightingale), others were from poor surroundings (Truth). Nursing leaders have focused on care in hospitals, homes, communities, and across the nation and world. Question 23 A nurse would like to join a nursing organization and wants to be certain that it represents all nurses in the United States. Which organization should this nurse investigate? 1. The American Nurses Association (ANA) 2. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) 3. The National League for Nursing (NLN) 4. The International Council of Nurses (ICN) Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: The national professional organization representing all registered nurses in the United States is the American Nurses Association. AACN is the national voice for baccalaureate and higher degree nursing education programs in the United States. The NLN is an organization whose mission is to promote “excellence in nursing education to build a strong and diverse nursing workforce.” The ICN is the world’s first and widest international organization for health professionals. Question 24 The prospective nursing student has investigated an associate degree nursing program and finds that it is nationally accredited. Which organization most likely has accredited this school? 1. National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC) 2. American Association of Colleges of Nursing Accrediting Branch (AACN) 3. National Student Nurses’ Association (NSNA) 4. American Nurses Association (ANA) Correct Answer: 1 Rationale: The NLNAC is an accrediting commission that serves nursing programs at the vocational, associate degree, baccalaureate, and graduate levels. The AACN serves baccalaureate and higher degree programs and does not accredit at the associate degree level. NSNA and ANA are not accrediting bodies for schools of nursing. Question 25 A nursing student has achieved academic excellence and has been invited to join nursing’s honor society. Which organization has this student been invited to join? 1. National League for Nursing 2. American Nurses Association 3. Sigma Theta Tau International 4. American Association of Colleges of Nursing Correct Answer: 3 Rationale: Sigma Theta Tau is the international honor society for nursing. The American Nurses Association is the national professional organization representing all registered nurses in the United States. The National League for Nursing promotes excellence in nursing education, but is not an honor society. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing is the national voice for baccalaureate and higher degree nursing education programs in the United States. Question 26 The nurse is reviewing nursing in ancient civilizations. Which order did the following occur? 1. Kosher slaughter of animals 2. Practice of mummification begins 3. Quarantine used to control disease 4. Roman female created a monastery for the ill 5. Causes of disease were superstition and magic Correct Answer: 5, 2, 1, 3, 4 Rationale: In early times beliefs about the cause of disease were imbedded in superstition and magic, so treatment often required magical cures. Important historical findings related to the Egyptian culture included the practice of mummification. Dietary laws were a significant part of the Mosaic Code and provided for the kosher slaughter of animals, as well as the preparation and preservation of animal and plant foods. The use of quarantine as a method to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases, such as leprosy and diphtheria, is recorded in the Bible. Marcella converted her palace into a monastery and encouraged other Roman matrons to join her in caring for the sick poor. Question 27 The nurse is preparing a presentation on notable nursing figures. In which order, chronologically, should the nurse present this information? 1. Loretta Ford 2. Mary Seacole 3. Lucy Osborne 4. Faye G. Abdellah 5. Cecilia Makiwane Correct Answer: 2, 3, 5, 1, 4 Rationale: Mary Seacole (1805–1881) learned about nursing from her mother in Jamaica, British West Indies. When she learned about the war in the Crimea, she offered to go to the Crimea to tend the soldiers. Lucy Osborne (1835–1891) was a Nightingale- trained nurse who arrived in Australia in 1868 as superintendent of nurses, along with five head nurses, to provide nursing care to patients at the Sydney Hospital. Cecilia Makiwane (1880–1919) became South Africa’s first Black African professional nurse in 1908. Loretta C. Ford (1920– ) is credited with founding the first nurse practitioner program in 1965, in collaboration with Dr. Henry K. Silver, a pediatrician. Together, they developed the Public Health Nurse Pediatric Nurse Practitioner program to educate nurses in advanced nursing practice to provide care for children in rural Colorado. Faye G. Abdellah (1919– ), the first nurse and woman to serve as the Deputy Surgeon General of the United States, is credited with developing the first nurse scientist program. Question 28 The nursing instructor is preparing material for students about the development of nursing organizations. In which chronological order should the instructor present this material? 1. ICN 2. STT 3. CNATN 4. NLN 5. ANA 6. NSNA Correct Answer: 4, 5, 1, 3, 2, 6 Rationale: The NLN began in 1893 as part of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses. The ANA was founded in 1896. The International Council of Nurses (ICN) was formed in 1899. The Canadian National Association of Trained Nurses (CNATN) was formed in 1908. Sigma Theta Tau International was founded in 1922. The National Student Nurses’ Association (NSNA) was established in 1952. Chapter 4: Ethical Foundations of Professional Nursing Question 1 What are the processes for acquiring values? 1. Prescribed by the dominant religion. 2. Formal education and study. 3. Disc