HRPYC81 Research Report (2022 - Semester 1 - Project 4804 - Assignment 20)

HRPYC81 – Research Report (Project 4804) 2022 – Semester 1 – Assignment 20 Question #1: Which specific conspiracy belief does the paper focus on? a) General conspiracy mentality b) Governmental COVID-19 conspiracy c) South African COVID-19 conspiracy d) Political COVID-19 conspiracy Question #2 What are conspiracy beliefs? a) One powerful group is acting in public. b) One powerful individual is acting in secret. c) One powerful group is acting in secret. d) One powerful individual is acting in public. Question #3: What does the paper report about the known effects of conspiracy theories? a) Previous research suggests that political COVID-19 conspiracy is positively related to trust in experts. b) Previous research suggests that political COVID-19 conspiracy increases vaccination intentions. c) Previous research suggests that political COVID-19 conspiracy increases trust in authorities (i.e., government). d) Previous research suggests that political COVID-19 conspiracy is negatively related to trust in experts. REMAINING ANSWERS ONLY AVAILABLE UPON PURCHASE OF THIS DOCUMENT Disclaimer: Extreme care has been used to create this document, however the contents are provided ‘as is’ without any representation or warranties, express of implied. This document is to be used for comparison, research and reference purposes ONLY. Directly submitting and/or reselling/distribution/reproduction any part of this document is not permitted.   Question #4: What do the researchers hypothesis in the paper? a) Political COVID-19 conspiracy leads to (1) lower institutional trust, (2) lower support of governmental regulations, (3) stronger adaptation to physical distancing, and (4) lower social engagement. b) Political COVID-19 conspiracy leads to (1) lower institutional trust, (2) lower support of governmental regulations, (3) lower adaptation to physical distancing, and (4) lower social engagement. c) Political COVID-19 conspiracy leads to (1) lower institutional trust, (2) lower support of governmental regulations, (3) lower adaptation to physical distancing, and (4) stronger social engagement. d) Political COVID-19 conspiracy leads to (1) lower institutional trust, (2) stronger support of governmental regulations, (3) lower adaptation to physical distancing, and (4) stronger social engagement. Question #5: What type of research design was used in the research reported in the paper? Select one: a) Single-study design b) Multi-study design c) Mixed Methods design d) Qualitative design Question #6: The paper reports that Study 1 applied a cross-sectional research design. What is a cross-sectional survey design? Select one: a) A cross-sectional survey collects data from a population at two specific points in time. b) A cross-sectional survey collects data from a population at a specific point in time. c) A cross-sectional survey collects data from a population repeatedly. d) A cross-sectional survey collects data from a population at more than two specific points in time. Question #7: The paper reports that Study 2 was conducted as an experimental study. What is an experiment in psychology? Choose the most correct answer. Select one: a) A psychological experiment is a series of observations conducted under controlled conditions to observe systematically a relationship to draw non-linear inferences about that relationship. b) A psychological experiment is a series of observations conducted under controlled conditions to systematically observe a relationship to draw causal inferences about that relationship. c) A psychological experiment is a series of observations conducted under controlled conditions to observe a random relationship to draw causal inferences about that relationship. d) A psychological experiment is a series of observations conducted under random conditions to systematically observe a relationship to draw causal inferences about that relationship. Question #8: The paper reports that Study 3 was conducted as a longitudinal survey. What is a longitudinal study in psychology? Select one: a) A longitudinal survey collects data from the same population over a period of time and should therefore be considered as a repeated cross-sectional survey design. b) A longitudinal survey is the same as a repeated cross-sectional survey. c) A longitudinal survey collects data from different populations over a period of time. d) A longitudinal survey collects data from the same population over a period of time. Question #9: What does the paper report about the measurements in Study 1? Select one: a) Most measurements were assessed on a 5-point scale. b) Most measurements were assessed on a 7-point scale. c) All measurements were assessed on a 7-point scale. d) All measurements were assessed on a 3-point scale. Question #10: How many items were used to assess political COVID-19 conspiracy in Study 1? Select one: a) Six items b) Three items c) This information is not provided. d) Five items Question 11: Which of the measures of Study 1 showed the lowest internal consistency? Select one: a) Conspiracy Mentality b) Social Engagement c) Political COVID-19 conspiracy d) Institutional Trust Question 12: What sampling technique was applied in Study 1? Select one: a) Snowball sampling b) Convenience sampling c) Simple random sampling d) Quota sampling Question 13: Which statistical technique was used in Study 1 to test the hypothesised relationships between political COVID-19 conspiracy and all outcome measures? Select one: a) Confirmatory Factor Analysis b) Multiple Regression Analysis c) Analysis of Variance d) Simple Regression Analysis Question 14: Which covariates were controlled for when assessing the relationship between political COVID-19 conspiracy and all outcome measures? Select one: a) Children, education, and age b) Children, education, gender, and age c) Gender, children, and social class d) Gender, education, and children Question 15: What did the results of Study 1 reveal? a) The results revealed that participants who believed to a lesser extent in the PCC reported stronger institutional trust, stronger support of governmental regulations, stronger adoption of physical distancing, and stronger social engagement. b) The results revealed that participants who believed to a lesser extent in the PCC reported lower institutional trust, lower support of governmental regulations, lower adoption of physical distancing, and lower social engagement. c) The results revealed that participants who believed to a stronger extent in the PCC reported lower institutional trust, lower support of governmental regulations, less adoption of physical distancing, but stronger social engagement. d) The results revealed that participants who believed to a stronger extent in the PCC reported stronger institutional trust, stronger support of governmental regulations, stronger adoption of physical distancing, and stronger social engagement. Question 16: What is the independent variable in Study 2 (i.e., Experiment)? Select one: a) Institutional Trust b) Both, Institutional Trust and Political COVID-19 conspiracy c) Political COVID-19 conspiracy d) Conspiracy Mentality Question 17: On how many levels did the researchers manipulate the independent variable in Study 2? Select one: a) Two b) This information is not provided in the paper. c) Three d) Four Question 18: How many conditions (groups) did Study 2 have? Select one: a) Two experimental and one control group b) One experimental and two control groups c) One experimental and one control group d) One experimental group and no control group Question 19: How did the researchers manipulate the independent variable in Study 2? Select one: a) Through a fictitious news report b) Through a real news report c) Through video d) Through audio Question 20: Which of the measures of Study 2 showed the best internal consistency? Select one: a) Social Engagement b) Institutional Trust c) Conspiracy Mentality d) Political COVID-19 conspiracy Question 21: What sampling technique was used in Study 2? Select one: a) Quota sampling b) Snowball sampling c) Convenience sampling d) Simple random sampling Question 22: How did the researchers ensure that their manipulation of the independent variable was successful? Select one: a) By showing that participants in the experimental condition scored lower on conspiracy mentality scale than participants in the control condition. b) By showing that participants in the experimental condition scored higher on political COVID-19 conspiracy scale than participants in the control condition. c) By showing that participants in the experimental condition scored higher on conspiracy mentality scale than participants in the control condition. d) By showing that participants in the experimental condition scored lower on political COVID-19 conspiracy scale than participants in the control condition. Question 23: Which statistical technique was used in Study 2 to test the hypothesised relationships between political COVID-19 conspiracy and all outcome measures? Select one: a) Analysis of Variance b) Multiple Regression Analysis c) One-sample t-test d) Independent samples t-test Question 24: According to the reported effect sizes (i.e., Cohen’s d) for Study 2, on which outcome measures were the group differences largest? Select one: a) Institutional trust and adoption of physical distancing b) Social Engagement c) Institutional trust d) Support of governmental regulations Question 25: What did the results of Study 2 reveal? a) The results revealed that participants who were in the PCC condition reported significantly lower institutional trust, less support of governmental regulations, less adoption of physical distancing, and less social engagement than participants in the control condition. b) The results revealed that participants who were in the PCC condition reported significantly lower institutional trust, less support of governmental regulations, and less adoption of physical distancing than participants in the control condition. c) The results revealed that participants who were in the PCC condition reported stronger institutional trust, less support of governmental regulations, and less adoption of physical distancing than participants in the control condition. d) The results revealed that participants who were in the PCC condition reported significantly lower institutional trust, less support of governmental regulations, less adoption of physical distancing., and stronger social engagement than participants in the control condition. Question 26: Which of the measures of Study 3 showed the best internal consistency over time (Time 1 and Time 2)? Select one: a) Social Engagement b) Support for governmental regulations c) Political COVID-19 conspiracy d) Conspiracy Mentality Question 27: What sampling technique was applied in Study 3? Select one: a) Quota sampling b) Convenience sampling c) Simple random sampling d) Snowball sampling Question 28: Which of the outcome measures at Time 2 did political COVID-19 conspiracy measured at Time 1 statistically significantly predict in Study 3? Select one: a) Social engagement b) Institutional trust c) Intention to vaccinate d) Support for governmental regulation Question 29: What reasons do the researchers name for the lack of significant effects from political COVID-19 conspiracy measured at Time 1 on some of the outcome measures measured at Time 2? Select one: a) Lower sample size at Time 1 and high internal consistency of the Social Engagement Scale. b) The age of participants. c) Lower sample size at Time 2 and low internal consistency of the Social Engagement Scale. d) Lower sample size at Time 1 and Time 2. Question 30: What were the consistent findings overall three studies reported in the paper? Select one: a) Political COVID-19 conspiracy is positively related to institutional trust, support for governmental regulations, and adoption of hygienic measures. b) Political COVID-19 conspiracy is negatively related to institutional trust, support for governmental regulations, and adoption of hygienic measures. c) Political COVID-19 conspiracy is negatively related to institutional trust, and support for governmental regulations. d) Political COVID-19 conspiracy is negatively related to institutional trust, support of governmental regulations, adoption of physical distancing, and social engagement. Question 31: What limitation of the research do the researchers (authors) neglect to mention in the General Discussion? Select one: a) Measurements of constructs b) External validity c) Sample size d) Internal validity Question 32: What do the researchers (authors) consider as the most important contribution of their research? Select one: a) To be the first study to research the effects of belief in conspiracy theories. b) The demonstration that the confrontation with and the belief in conspiracy theories are related and show the same pattern of effects. c) The use of experimental and longitudinal research. d) The use of cross-sectional, experimental and longitudinal research designs in one research project. Question 33: What do the researchers (authors) consider as an important open question that needs attention in future research? Select one: a) Whether beliefs in conspiracy theories influence people’s intentions to vaccinate. b) Whether beliefs in conspiracy theories actually exist. c) Whether the findings can be generalized to other populations. d) Whether the findings can be generalized to other pandemics and health-related issues and to conspiracy theories surrounding other issues. Question 34: As the researchers (authors) studied the effect of political COVID-19 conspiracy, which covariates do they propose that might have influenced their results? Select one: a)Gender b) Ideology and political attitudes c)Moral values d) Age Question 35: Imagine that somebody proposes to conduct the same research in South Africa. Under what circumstance would it NOT be scientifically reasonable to assume the same hypotheses as outlined in the paper for the South African context? Select one: a) If we would have strong theoretical reasoning and/or empirical evidence suggesting that German/Danish and South African nationals do not trust each other. b) If we would have strong theoretical reasoning and/or empirical evidence suggesting, for instance, that German/Danish and South African nationals differ in their political orientations that need to be considered as relevant for the effects of political COVID-19 conspiracy. c) If we would have strong theoretical reasoning and/or empirical evidence suggesting that German/Danish and South African nationals share the same political beliefs. d) If other researchers would argue that German/Danish and South African nationals should never be compared.