NR-507 IStudy IGuide
Chapters I1-5, I11-14, I16-20, I21-25, I27-3-33, I34-39, I40-
47
1. Types Iof Iimmunity-e.g. Iinnate, Iactive, Ietc
➢ Innate immunity includes Itwo Ilines Iof Idefense: Inatural Ibarriers Iand Iinflammation INatural Ibarriers Iare
physical, Imechanical, Iand Ibiochemical Ibarriers Iat Ithe Ibody’s Isurfaces Iand Iare Iin Iplace Iat Ibirth Ito Iprevent
Idamage Iby Isubstances Iin Ithe Ienvironment Iand Ithwart Iinfection Iby Ipathogenic Imicroorganisms.
2. Alveolar Iventilation/perfusion-
✓ The Irelationship Ibetween Iarterial Iperfusion Iand Ialveolar Igas Ipressure Iat Ithe Ibase Iof Ithe Ilungs Iis
IbestIdescribed Ias: Iarterial Iperfusion Ipressure Iexceeds Ialveolar Igas Ipressure.
3. Dermatologic Iconditions Ie.g. Ipityriasis Irosea
4. Croup I(C I36,pg I1294)-
➢ Croup Iillnesses Ican Ibe Idivided Iinto Itwo Icategories: I(1) Iacute Ilaryngotracheobronchitis I(croup) Iand I(2)
spasmodic Icroup. IDiphtheria Ican Ibe Iconsidered Ia Icroup Iillness Ibut Iis Inow Irare Ibecause Iof Ivaccinations. ICroup Iillnesses
Iare Iall Icharacterized Iby Iinfection Iand Iobstruction Iof Ithe Iupper Iairways.
➢ Croup Iis Ian Iacute Ilaryngotracheobronchitis Iand Imost Icommonly Ioccurs Iin Ichildren Ifrom I6 Imonths Ito I3 Iyears Iof
Iage, Iwith Ipeak Iincidence Iat I2 Iyears Iof Iage
➢ The Iincidence Iof Icroup Iis Ihighest Iin Ilate Iautumn Iand Iwinter, Icorresponding Ito Ithe Iparainfluenza Iand IRSV Iseasons,
respectively. ICroup Iis Imore Icommon Iin Iboys Ithan Igirls. IIn Ia Isignificant Iportion Iof Iaffected Ichildren, Icroup Iis Ia Irecurrent
Iproblem Iduring Ichildhood, Iand Ithere Iis Ia Ifamily Ihistory Iof I croup Iin Iabout I15% Iof Icases
➢ Chickenpox I(varicella) Iand Iherpes Izoster I(shingles) Iare Iproduced Iby Ithe Ivaricella-zoster Ivirus I(VZV). IVZV Iis Ia
Icomplex Iherpes Igroup Ideoxyribonucleic Iacid I(DNA) Ivirus. IThe Iincubation Iperiod Iis I10 Ito I27 Idays, Iaveraging I14 Idays.
IProductive Iinfection Ioccurs Iwithin Ikeratinocytes Isuch Ithat Ithe Ivesicular Ilesions Ioccur Iin Ithe Iepidermis, Iand Ian
Iinflammatory Iinfiltrate Iis Ioften Ipresent
5. Types Iof Ianemia
6. The Iinflammatory Iprocess Iupon Iinjury
7. GI Isymptoms Iresulting Iin Iheart Iburn
8. Pulmonary Iterminology Isuch Ias Idyspnea, Iorthopnea, Ietc
9. Complications Iof Igastric Iresection Isurgery I (c I41, Ipg I1439)
➢ Weight Iloss Ioften Ifollows Igastric Iresection Ibut Istabilizes Iwithin I3 Imonths. IInadequate Ifood Iintake Iis Ia Icommon Icause
Ibecause Imany Iindividuals Icannot Itolerate Ithe Iosmotic Ieffect Iof Icarbohydrates Ior Ia Inormal-size Imeal. IFoods Imay
Ibe Ipoorly Iabsorbed Ibecause Ithe Istomach Iis Iless Iable Ito Imix, Ichurn, Iand Ibreak Idown Ifood Iparticles. IAbdominal
Ipain, Ivomiting, Idiarrhea, Iand Imalabsorption Iof Ifats Ialso Icontribute Ito Iweight Iloss. IIn Ithe Icase Iof Ibariatric Isurgery
Ifor Iextreme Iobesity, Iweight Iloss Iis Ithe Iintended Ioutcome.
10. Dermatology Iterminology-macules, Inevi, Ietc
11. Chicken Ipox I ( Ic I46,pg I1659)
➢ an Iinfectious Iviral Idisease Ithat Iis Ispread Iby Idirect Icontact Ior Ithrough Ithe Iair Iby Icoughing Ior Isneezing; Iit Icauses Ia
Iblister-like Irash Ithat Ifirst Iaffects Ithe Iface Iand Itrunk Iand Ithen Ican Ispread Iover Ithe Irest Iof Ithe Ibody; Isymptoms
Iinclude Isevere Iitching, Ifatigue, Iand Ifever.
12. Maternal Iimmune Isystem
13. Candidiasis Iexacerbation
14. Carbuncles
15. Terms Isuch Ias Ihypochromic, Imacrocytic, Imicrocytic, Ietc
16. Antibodies, IIgG, IIgA, Ietc- I(ch I8, Ipg I229)
➢ There Iare Ifive Imolecular Iclasses Iof Iimmunoglobulins I(IgG, IIgA, IIgM, IIgE, Iand IIgD) Ithat Iare Icharacterized Iby Iantigenic,
Istructural, Iand Ifunctional Idifferences. IWithin Itwo Iof Ithe Iimmunoglobulin Iclasses Iare Iseveral Idistinct Isubclasses Iincluding
Ifour Isubclasses Iof IIgG Iand Itwo Isubclasses Iof IIgA.
➢ IgG Iis Ithe Imost Iabundant Iclass Iof Iimmunoglobulins; Ithey Iconstitute I80% Ito I85% Iof Ithose Icirculating Iin Ithe Ibody Iand
Iaccount Ifor Imost Iof Ithe Iprotective Iactivity Iagainst Iinfections. IAs Ia Iresult Iof Iselective Itransport Iacross Ithe Iplacenta,
Imaternal IIgG Iis Ialso Ithe Imajor Iclass Iof Iantibody Ifound Iin Iblood Iof Ithe Ifetus Iand Inewborn. IFour Isubclasses Iof IIgG Ihave
Ibeen Idescribed: IIgG1, IIgG2, IIgG3, Iand IIgG4.
1
, ➢ IgA Ican Ibe Idivided Iinto Itwo Isubclasses, IIgA1 Iand IIgA2. IIgA1 Imolecules Iare Ifound Ipredominantly Iin Ithe Iblood, Iwhereas
IIgA2 Iis Ithe Ipredominant Iclass Iof Iantibody Ifound Iin Inormal Ibody Isecretions. IThe IIgA Imolecules Ifound Iin Ibodily
Isecretions Iare Idimers Ianchored Itogether Ithrough Ia IJ Ichain Iand I“secretory Ipiece.” IThis Isecretory Ipiece Iis Iattached Ito Ithe
IIgAs Iinside Imucosal Iepithelial Icells Iand Imay Ifunction Ito Iprotect Ithese Iimmunoglobulins Iagainst Idegradation Iby Ienzymes
Ialso Ifound IinIthe Isecretions.
➢ IgM Iis Ithe Ilargest Iof Ithe Iimmunoglobulins Iand Iusually Iexists Ias Ia Ipentamer Ithat Iis Istabilized Iby Ia IJ(joining) Ichain. IIt Iis
Ithe Ifirst Iantibody Iproduced Iduring Ithe Iinitial, Ior Iprimary, Iresponse Ito Iantigen. IIgM Iis Isynthesized Iearly Iin Ineonatal Ilife,
Iand Iits Isynthesis Imay Ibe Iincreased Ias Ia Iresponse Ito Iinfection Iin Iutero.
17. Skin Icancer
18. Parts Iof Ithe Iheart Iin Iterms Iof Ifunction, Isuch Ias Ipericardium
19. Congenital Iheart Idefects
20. Urinary Itract Iobstruction,
21. GI Isymptoms Iof Iconditions Isuch Ias Ipyloric Istenosis, Ihiatal Ihernia, Iulcerative Icolitis- I(ch I41,
➢ Hiatal Ihernia Iis Ithe Iprotrusion Iof Ithe Iupper Ipart Iof Ithe Istomach Ithrough Ithe Ihiatus I(esophageal Iopening Iin
ItheIdiaphragm) Iat Ithe Igastroesophageal Ijunction. IHiatal Ihernia Ican Ibe Isliding, Iparaesophageal, Ior Imixed.
➢ Ulcerative Icolitis Iis Ian Iinflammatory Ibowel Idisease Ithat Icauses Iulceration, Iabscess Iformation, Iand Inecrosis Iof Ithe I
colonic Iand Irectal Imucosa. ICramping Ipain, Ibleeding, Ifrequent Idiarrhea, Idehydration, Iand Iweight Iloss
IaccompanyIsevere Iforms Iof Ithe Idisease. IA Icourse Iof Ifrequent Iremissions Iand Iexacerbations Iis Icommon
22. Skin Icancer Ilesions
23. Gastroesophageal Ireflux Idisease- I(c I41, Ip I1439)
➢ Gastroesophageal Ireflux Idisease Iis Ithe Iregurgitation Iof Ichyme Ifrom Ithe Istomach Iinto Ithe Iesophagus,
IcausingIesophagitis Ifrom Irepeated Iexposure Ito Iacids Iand Ienzymes Iin Ithe Iregurgitated I gastriccontents.
24. Hypersensitivity Ireaction
25. Congenital Iintrinsic Ifactor Ideficiency
26. Acid Ibase Iimbalance
27. Acute Iepiglottitis(ch I36,pg I1296)
➢ Historically, Iacute Iepiglottitis Iwas Icaused Iby IHaemophilus Iinfluenzae Itype IB I(Hib). ISince Ithe Iadvent Iof IHib Iimmunization,
Ithe Ioverall Iincidence Iof Iacute Iepiglottitis Iin Ichildren Ihas Idecreased Isignificantly, Ialthough IHib Istill Iaccounts Ifor
Iapproximately I25% Iof Ithe Icases Iseen Iin Ichildren. IInfants Iless Ithan I1 Iyear Iof Iage Iare Iat Igreater Irisk.Current Ipediatric
Icases Iusually Irepresent IHib Ivaccine Ifailures Ior Iare Icaused Iby Ialternative Ipathogens, Isuch Ias Igroups IA, IB, IC, IF, Iand IG
Istreptococci, IStreptococcus Ipneumoniae, ICandidaspecies, IStaphylococcus Iaureus, Iand Iviral Ipathogens. IThermal
Iinjuries, Itrauma, Iand Iposttransplant Ilymphoproliferative Idisorder Ialso Ihave Ibeen Ireported Ias Icauses Iof I epiglottitis.
➢ Acute Iepiglottitis Iis Ia Ilife-threatening Iemergency. IThe Iessentials Iare Iearly Irecognition, Iavoidance Iof Idisturbing Ithe Ichild
I(which Icould Iworsen Ithe Iobstruction), Iand Isecuring Ithe Iairway.
28. Types Iof Igastric Iulcers-signs Iand Isymptoms, Icharacteristics
29. Lupus I(ch I9,p277)
➢ Systemic Ilupus Ierythematosus I(SLE) Iis Ia Ichronic, Imultisystem, Iinflammatory Idisease Iand Iis Ione Iof Ithe Imost Icommon,
Icomplex, Iand Iserious Iof Ithe Iautoimmune Idisorders. ISLE Iis Icharacterized Iby Ithe Iproduction Iof Ia Ilarge Ivariety Iof
Iautoantibodies Iagainst Inucleic Iacids, Ierythrocytes, Icoagulation Iproteins, Iphospholipids, Ilymphocytes, Iplatelets, Iand Imany
Iother Iself-components. IThe Imost Icharacteristic Iautoantibodies Iproduced Iin ISLE Iare Iagainst Inucleic Iacids I(e.g., Isingle-
Istranded Ideoxyribonucleic Iacid I[DNA], Idouble-stranded IDNA), Ihistones, Iribonucleoproteins, Iand Iother Inuclear Imaterials.
30. General Iadaptation Isyndrome I(ch I11,p I339)
➢ Selye Iconcluded Ithat Ithis Itriad Ior Isyndrome Iof Imanifestations Irepresented Ia Inonspecific Iresponse Ito Inoxious Istimuli,
Inaming Iit Ithe Igeneral Iadaptation Isyndrome I(GAS). IHe Iidentified Ithree Isuccessive Istages Iof Ithe IGAS: I(1) Ithe Ialarm Istage
Ior Ireaction, Iin Iwhich Ithe Icentral Inervous Isystem I(CNS) Iis Iaroused Iand Ithe Ibody’s Idefenses Iare Imobilized I(e.g., I“fight Ior
Iflight”); I(2) Ithe Istage Iof Iresistance Ior Iadaptation, Iduring Iwhich Imobilization Icontributes Ito I“fight Ior Iflight”; Iand I(3) Ithe
Istage Iof Iexhaustion, Iwhere Icontinuous Istress Icauses Ithe Iprogressive Ibreakdown Iof Icompensatory Imechanisms
I(acquired Iadaptations) Iand Ihomeostasis. IExhaustion Imarks Ithe Ionset Iof Icertain Idiseases I(diseases Iof I adaptation).
31. Ventilation/perfusion Iratio
32. Bile Isalt Ideficiencies I( Ich I41,pg I1440)
➢ Conjugated Ibile Iacids I(bile Isalts) Iare Inecessary Ifor Ithe Idigestion Iand Iabsorption Iof Ifats. IBile Isalts Iare Iconjugated Iin
the Ibile Ithat Iis Isynthesized Ifrom Icholesterol Iand Isecreted Ifrom Ithe Iliver. IWhen Ibile Ienters Ithe Iduodenum, Ithe Ibile Isalts
Iaggregate Iwith Ifatty Iacids Iand Imonoglycerides Ito Iform Imicelles. IMicelle Iformation Imakes Ifat Imolecules Imore Isoluble Iand
Iallows Ithem Ito Ipass Ithrough Ithe Iunstirred Ilayer Iat Ithe Ibrush Iborder Iof Ithe Ismall Iintestinal Ivilli
2
Chapters I1-5, I11-14, I16-20, I21-25, I27-3-33, I34-39, I40-
47
1. Types Iof Iimmunity-e.g. Iinnate, Iactive, Ietc
➢ Innate immunity includes Itwo Ilines Iof Idefense: Inatural Ibarriers Iand Iinflammation INatural Ibarriers Iare
physical, Imechanical, Iand Ibiochemical Ibarriers Iat Ithe Ibody’s Isurfaces Iand Iare Iin Iplace Iat Ibirth Ito Iprevent
Idamage Iby Isubstances Iin Ithe Ienvironment Iand Ithwart Iinfection Iby Ipathogenic Imicroorganisms.
2. Alveolar Iventilation/perfusion-
✓ The Irelationship Ibetween Iarterial Iperfusion Iand Ialveolar Igas Ipressure Iat Ithe Ibase Iof Ithe Ilungs Iis
IbestIdescribed Ias: Iarterial Iperfusion Ipressure Iexceeds Ialveolar Igas Ipressure.
3. Dermatologic Iconditions Ie.g. Ipityriasis Irosea
4. Croup I(C I36,pg I1294)-
➢ Croup Iillnesses Ican Ibe Idivided Iinto Itwo Icategories: I(1) Iacute Ilaryngotracheobronchitis I(croup) Iand I(2)
spasmodic Icroup. IDiphtheria Ican Ibe Iconsidered Ia Icroup Iillness Ibut Iis Inow Irare Ibecause Iof Ivaccinations. ICroup Iillnesses
Iare Iall Icharacterized Iby Iinfection Iand Iobstruction Iof Ithe Iupper Iairways.
➢ Croup Iis Ian Iacute Ilaryngotracheobronchitis Iand Imost Icommonly Ioccurs Iin Ichildren Ifrom I6 Imonths Ito I3 Iyears Iof
Iage, Iwith Ipeak Iincidence Iat I2 Iyears Iof Iage
➢ The Iincidence Iof Icroup Iis Ihighest Iin Ilate Iautumn Iand Iwinter, Icorresponding Ito Ithe Iparainfluenza Iand IRSV Iseasons,
respectively. ICroup Iis Imore Icommon Iin Iboys Ithan Igirls. IIn Ia Isignificant Iportion Iof Iaffected Ichildren, Icroup Iis Ia Irecurrent
Iproblem Iduring Ichildhood, Iand Ithere Iis Ia Ifamily Ihistory Iof I croup Iin Iabout I15% Iof Icases
➢ Chickenpox I(varicella) Iand Iherpes Izoster I(shingles) Iare Iproduced Iby Ithe Ivaricella-zoster Ivirus I(VZV). IVZV Iis Ia
Icomplex Iherpes Igroup Ideoxyribonucleic Iacid I(DNA) Ivirus. IThe Iincubation Iperiod Iis I10 Ito I27 Idays, Iaveraging I14 Idays.
IProductive Iinfection Ioccurs Iwithin Ikeratinocytes Isuch Ithat Ithe Ivesicular Ilesions Ioccur Iin Ithe Iepidermis, Iand Ian
Iinflammatory Iinfiltrate Iis Ioften Ipresent
5. Types Iof Ianemia
6. The Iinflammatory Iprocess Iupon Iinjury
7. GI Isymptoms Iresulting Iin Iheart Iburn
8. Pulmonary Iterminology Isuch Ias Idyspnea, Iorthopnea, Ietc
9. Complications Iof Igastric Iresection Isurgery I (c I41, Ipg I1439)
➢ Weight Iloss Ioften Ifollows Igastric Iresection Ibut Istabilizes Iwithin I3 Imonths. IInadequate Ifood Iintake Iis Ia Icommon Icause
Ibecause Imany Iindividuals Icannot Itolerate Ithe Iosmotic Ieffect Iof Icarbohydrates Ior Ia Inormal-size Imeal. IFoods Imay
Ibe Ipoorly Iabsorbed Ibecause Ithe Istomach Iis Iless Iable Ito Imix, Ichurn, Iand Ibreak Idown Ifood Iparticles. IAbdominal
Ipain, Ivomiting, Idiarrhea, Iand Imalabsorption Iof Ifats Ialso Icontribute Ito Iweight Iloss. IIn Ithe Icase Iof Ibariatric Isurgery
Ifor Iextreme Iobesity, Iweight Iloss Iis Ithe Iintended Ioutcome.
10. Dermatology Iterminology-macules, Inevi, Ietc
11. Chicken Ipox I ( Ic I46,pg I1659)
➢ an Iinfectious Iviral Idisease Ithat Iis Ispread Iby Idirect Icontact Ior Ithrough Ithe Iair Iby Icoughing Ior Isneezing; Iit Icauses Ia
Iblister-like Irash Ithat Ifirst Iaffects Ithe Iface Iand Itrunk Iand Ithen Ican Ispread Iover Ithe Irest Iof Ithe Ibody; Isymptoms
Iinclude Isevere Iitching, Ifatigue, Iand Ifever.
12. Maternal Iimmune Isystem
13. Candidiasis Iexacerbation
14. Carbuncles
15. Terms Isuch Ias Ihypochromic, Imacrocytic, Imicrocytic, Ietc
16. Antibodies, IIgG, IIgA, Ietc- I(ch I8, Ipg I229)
➢ There Iare Ifive Imolecular Iclasses Iof Iimmunoglobulins I(IgG, IIgA, IIgM, IIgE, Iand IIgD) Ithat Iare Icharacterized Iby Iantigenic,
Istructural, Iand Ifunctional Idifferences. IWithin Itwo Iof Ithe Iimmunoglobulin Iclasses Iare Iseveral Idistinct Isubclasses Iincluding
Ifour Isubclasses Iof IIgG Iand Itwo Isubclasses Iof IIgA.
➢ IgG Iis Ithe Imost Iabundant Iclass Iof Iimmunoglobulins; Ithey Iconstitute I80% Ito I85% Iof Ithose Icirculating Iin Ithe Ibody Iand
Iaccount Ifor Imost Iof Ithe Iprotective Iactivity Iagainst Iinfections. IAs Ia Iresult Iof Iselective Itransport Iacross Ithe Iplacenta,
Imaternal IIgG Iis Ialso Ithe Imajor Iclass Iof Iantibody Ifound Iin Iblood Iof Ithe Ifetus Iand Inewborn. IFour Isubclasses Iof IIgG Ihave
Ibeen Idescribed: IIgG1, IIgG2, IIgG3, Iand IIgG4.
1
, ➢ IgA Ican Ibe Idivided Iinto Itwo Isubclasses, IIgA1 Iand IIgA2. IIgA1 Imolecules Iare Ifound Ipredominantly Iin Ithe Iblood, Iwhereas
IIgA2 Iis Ithe Ipredominant Iclass Iof Iantibody Ifound Iin Inormal Ibody Isecretions. IThe IIgA Imolecules Ifound Iin Ibodily
Isecretions Iare Idimers Ianchored Itogether Ithrough Ia IJ Ichain Iand I“secretory Ipiece.” IThis Isecretory Ipiece Iis Iattached Ito Ithe
IIgAs Iinside Imucosal Iepithelial Icells Iand Imay Ifunction Ito Iprotect Ithese Iimmunoglobulins Iagainst Idegradation Iby Ienzymes
Ialso Ifound IinIthe Isecretions.
➢ IgM Iis Ithe Ilargest Iof Ithe Iimmunoglobulins Iand Iusually Iexists Ias Ia Ipentamer Ithat Iis Istabilized Iby Ia IJ(joining) Ichain. IIt Iis
Ithe Ifirst Iantibody Iproduced Iduring Ithe Iinitial, Ior Iprimary, Iresponse Ito Iantigen. IIgM Iis Isynthesized Iearly Iin Ineonatal Ilife,
Iand Iits Isynthesis Imay Ibe Iincreased Ias Ia Iresponse Ito Iinfection Iin Iutero.
17. Skin Icancer
18. Parts Iof Ithe Iheart Iin Iterms Iof Ifunction, Isuch Ias Ipericardium
19. Congenital Iheart Idefects
20. Urinary Itract Iobstruction,
21. GI Isymptoms Iof Iconditions Isuch Ias Ipyloric Istenosis, Ihiatal Ihernia, Iulcerative Icolitis- I(ch I41,
➢ Hiatal Ihernia Iis Ithe Iprotrusion Iof Ithe Iupper Ipart Iof Ithe Istomach Ithrough Ithe Ihiatus I(esophageal Iopening Iin
ItheIdiaphragm) Iat Ithe Igastroesophageal Ijunction. IHiatal Ihernia Ican Ibe Isliding, Iparaesophageal, Ior Imixed.
➢ Ulcerative Icolitis Iis Ian Iinflammatory Ibowel Idisease Ithat Icauses Iulceration, Iabscess Iformation, Iand Inecrosis Iof Ithe I
colonic Iand Irectal Imucosa. ICramping Ipain, Ibleeding, Ifrequent Idiarrhea, Idehydration, Iand Iweight Iloss
IaccompanyIsevere Iforms Iof Ithe Idisease. IA Icourse Iof Ifrequent Iremissions Iand Iexacerbations Iis Icommon
22. Skin Icancer Ilesions
23. Gastroesophageal Ireflux Idisease- I(c I41, Ip I1439)
➢ Gastroesophageal Ireflux Idisease Iis Ithe Iregurgitation Iof Ichyme Ifrom Ithe Istomach Iinto Ithe Iesophagus,
IcausingIesophagitis Ifrom Irepeated Iexposure Ito Iacids Iand Ienzymes Iin Ithe Iregurgitated I gastriccontents.
24. Hypersensitivity Ireaction
25. Congenital Iintrinsic Ifactor Ideficiency
26. Acid Ibase Iimbalance
27. Acute Iepiglottitis(ch I36,pg I1296)
➢ Historically, Iacute Iepiglottitis Iwas Icaused Iby IHaemophilus Iinfluenzae Itype IB I(Hib). ISince Ithe Iadvent Iof IHib Iimmunization,
Ithe Ioverall Iincidence Iof Iacute Iepiglottitis Iin Ichildren Ihas Idecreased Isignificantly, Ialthough IHib Istill Iaccounts Ifor
Iapproximately I25% Iof Ithe Icases Iseen Iin Ichildren. IInfants Iless Ithan I1 Iyear Iof Iage Iare Iat Igreater Irisk.Current Ipediatric
Icases Iusually Irepresent IHib Ivaccine Ifailures Ior Iare Icaused Iby Ialternative Ipathogens, Isuch Ias Igroups IA, IB, IC, IF, Iand IG
Istreptococci, IStreptococcus Ipneumoniae, ICandidaspecies, IStaphylococcus Iaureus, Iand Iviral Ipathogens. IThermal
Iinjuries, Itrauma, Iand Iposttransplant Ilymphoproliferative Idisorder Ialso Ihave Ibeen Ireported Ias Icauses Iof I epiglottitis.
➢ Acute Iepiglottitis Iis Ia Ilife-threatening Iemergency. IThe Iessentials Iare Iearly Irecognition, Iavoidance Iof Idisturbing Ithe Ichild
I(which Icould Iworsen Ithe Iobstruction), Iand Isecuring Ithe Iairway.
28. Types Iof Igastric Iulcers-signs Iand Isymptoms, Icharacteristics
29. Lupus I(ch I9,p277)
➢ Systemic Ilupus Ierythematosus I(SLE) Iis Ia Ichronic, Imultisystem, Iinflammatory Idisease Iand Iis Ione Iof Ithe Imost Icommon,
Icomplex, Iand Iserious Iof Ithe Iautoimmune Idisorders. ISLE Iis Icharacterized Iby Ithe Iproduction Iof Ia Ilarge Ivariety Iof
Iautoantibodies Iagainst Inucleic Iacids, Ierythrocytes, Icoagulation Iproteins, Iphospholipids, Ilymphocytes, Iplatelets, Iand Imany
Iother Iself-components. IThe Imost Icharacteristic Iautoantibodies Iproduced Iin ISLE Iare Iagainst Inucleic Iacids I(e.g., Isingle-
Istranded Ideoxyribonucleic Iacid I[DNA], Idouble-stranded IDNA), Ihistones, Iribonucleoproteins, Iand Iother Inuclear Imaterials.
30. General Iadaptation Isyndrome I(ch I11,p I339)
➢ Selye Iconcluded Ithat Ithis Itriad Ior Isyndrome Iof Imanifestations Irepresented Ia Inonspecific Iresponse Ito Inoxious Istimuli,
Inaming Iit Ithe Igeneral Iadaptation Isyndrome I(GAS). IHe Iidentified Ithree Isuccessive Istages Iof Ithe IGAS: I(1) Ithe Ialarm Istage
Ior Ireaction, Iin Iwhich Ithe Icentral Inervous Isystem I(CNS) Iis Iaroused Iand Ithe Ibody’s Idefenses Iare Imobilized I(e.g., I“fight Ior
Iflight”); I(2) Ithe Istage Iof Iresistance Ior Iadaptation, Iduring Iwhich Imobilization Icontributes Ito I“fight Ior Iflight”; Iand I(3) Ithe
Istage Iof Iexhaustion, Iwhere Icontinuous Istress Icauses Ithe Iprogressive Ibreakdown Iof Icompensatory Imechanisms
I(acquired Iadaptations) Iand Ihomeostasis. IExhaustion Imarks Ithe Ionset Iof Icertain Idiseases I(diseases Iof I adaptation).
31. Ventilation/perfusion Iratio
32. Bile Isalt Ideficiencies I( Ich I41,pg I1440)
➢ Conjugated Ibile Iacids I(bile Isalts) Iare Inecessary Ifor Ithe Idigestion Iand Iabsorption Iof Ifats. IBile Isalts Iare Iconjugated Iin
the Ibile Ithat Iis Isynthesized Ifrom Icholesterol Iand Isecreted Ifrom Ithe Iliver. IWhen Ibile Ienters Ithe Iduodenum, Ithe Ibile Isalts
Iaggregate Iwith Ifatty Iacids Iand Imonoglycerides Ito Iform Imicelles. IMicelle Iformation Imakes Ifat Imolecules Imore Isoluble Iand
Iallows Ithem Ito Ipass Ithrough Ithe Iunstirred Ilayer Iat Ithe Ibrush Iborder Iof Ithe Ismall Iintestinal Ivilli
2
