Anatomy 1A lecture
Anatomy levels: Cell, tissue, organ, organ system / organism
Microscopic anatomy (cell and tissue) & Macroscopic / Gross anatomy (visible with the
naked eye)
Regional approach (head, neck, thorex etc.)
Systemic approach (Systems, digestion, blood, muscle etc.)
Anatomical nomenclature (language)
Nomenclature body regions
Caput = head
Collum = neck
Thorax =
Abdomen =
Pelvis =
Extremitas = extremities
Heart = cor
Lungs = pulmo
Some bone = Humerus
abreviations
Singular plural
Arteria a. aa. -artey
Vena v. vv. -vein
Nervus n. nn. -nerve
Musculus m. mm. -muscle
Articulation art, art. -joint
Ligamentum lig. Ligg. -ligament
Superficial and deep relate to the distance from the exterior surface of the body
Dexter and sinister – right and left of the study object
Midline = reference point
Anatomical position – standing upright with palms facing forward.
Sagittal (& median) from anteriorly to posterialy, Dexter to median plane and sinister to the
median plane.
Lateral = away from median plane & medial = nearer to median plane
Frontal (coronal) plane divides in front and back part.
Dorsal/posterior = nearer to back & ventral / anterior = nearer to belly / front
Dorsum of hand and foot?
Transversal (axial/horizontal) plane
Proximal = nearer to trunk & distal = away from trunk (When looking at extremities)
Superior / cranial = nearer to head & inferior / caudal = nearer to feet/tail
1
,Anatomy 1B lecture
Organisation of the human body: atom-molecule-macromolecule-organelle-cell-tissue-
organ-organsystem-organism
Basic tissue types are not the same as basic structure types
Organs are formed of multiple tissue types arranged to perform a special function.
11 major organ systems, made up of multiple organs that work together
Functional category System
Support and movement Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Communication, control, and integration Nervous
Endocrine
Transportation and defence Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiration, nutrition, and excretion Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproduction and development Reproductive
Support and movement ‘locomotor system’
- Skeletal system
- Bones, cartilage & ligaments
- Function: support, protection, movement, mineral and fat storage, blood production
- Muscular system which is different from muscle tissue 3 types of muscle tissue in the
body
- Muscular system = skeletal muscles + tendons, myofasciae
- Function: Movement, posture, heat production
- Skeletal muscles: different shapes, fibre direction, typically connects bones to bones
- Myofasciae is connective tissue
- Integumentary system: skin(cutis) & subcutaneous tissue
- Function: protection, temp. regulation, sensation
Communication, control and integration
- Endocrine system
- Principle organs: pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, and other
glands
- Function: control and regulation of other systems
- Nervous system
- Principe organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
- Function: control, regulation, and coordination of other systems, sensation, memory
Transport and defense
- Lymphatic system
- Principle organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils
2
, - Function: immunity, fluid balance
- Cardiovascular system
- Principle organs: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
- Function: exchange and transport of materials
Respiration, nutrition and excretion
- Respiratory system
- Principle organs: lungs, bronchial tree, trachea, larynx, nasal cavity
- Function: gas exchange, acid-base balance
- Digestive system
- Principle organs: Stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth,
pancreas
- Function: breakdown and absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste
- Urinary system
- Principle organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
- Function: Excretion of waste, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance
Reproduction and development
- Reproductive system
- Principle organs: Male: testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, penis.
Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts
- Function: Reproduction, continuity of genetic information, nurturing of offspring
Anatomy 2A lecture
Locomotor system – skeletal and muscular system.
Skeletal system: Axial = central axis & Appendicular = attach to the axial skeletal.
We have around 206 bones (adults), child has around 350, because some fuse together.
Bones are 20% of body weight.
Functions: support, protection, movement, production & storage and release.
Red bone marrow produces blood cells, yellow bone marrow is mostly fat tissue and
triglycerides.
99% of Ca in bones.
Long (pipe)bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones & sesamoid bones.
Stirrup shape. Biggest bone is around 40 cm and the smallest around 2 mm.
Epiphyses ends of long bone and diaphysis is the shaft of long bone. Periosteum is the outer
part of the bone. It’s vital for the bone tissue.
Medullary cavity. Bones are alive. Wolff’s law: bone develops in the direction in which forces
act.
Osteoporosis.
Bones show irregularities partly under the influence of the muscles that attach to the bone.
Appendicular skeleton nomenclature
Lower extrimities:
Coxa, sacrum, femur, patella, fibula and tibia.
Foot: Tarsal, metatarsal & proximal phalanges.
Upper extrimities:
3
Anatomy levels: Cell, tissue, organ, organ system / organism
Microscopic anatomy (cell and tissue) & Macroscopic / Gross anatomy (visible with the
naked eye)
Regional approach (head, neck, thorex etc.)
Systemic approach (Systems, digestion, blood, muscle etc.)
Anatomical nomenclature (language)
Nomenclature body regions
Caput = head
Collum = neck
Thorax =
Abdomen =
Pelvis =
Extremitas = extremities
Heart = cor
Lungs = pulmo
Some bone = Humerus
abreviations
Singular plural
Arteria a. aa. -artey
Vena v. vv. -vein
Nervus n. nn. -nerve
Musculus m. mm. -muscle
Articulation art, art. -joint
Ligamentum lig. Ligg. -ligament
Superficial and deep relate to the distance from the exterior surface of the body
Dexter and sinister – right and left of the study object
Midline = reference point
Anatomical position – standing upright with palms facing forward.
Sagittal (& median) from anteriorly to posterialy, Dexter to median plane and sinister to the
median plane.
Lateral = away from median plane & medial = nearer to median plane
Frontal (coronal) plane divides in front and back part.
Dorsal/posterior = nearer to back & ventral / anterior = nearer to belly / front
Dorsum of hand and foot?
Transversal (axial/horizontal) plane
Proximal = nearer to trunk & distal = away from trunk (When looking at extremities)
Superior / cranial = nearer to head & inferior / caudal = nearer to feet/tail
1
,Anatomy 1B lecture
Organisation of the human body: atom-molecule-macromolecule-organelle-cell-tissue-
organ-organsystem-organism
Basic tissue types are not the same as basic structure types
Organs are formed of multiple tissue types arranged to perform a special function.
11 major organ systems, made up of multiple organs that work together
Functional category System
Support and movement Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Communication, control, and integration Nervous
Endocrine
Transportation and defence Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiration, nutrition, and excretion Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproduction and development Reproductive
Support and movement ‘locomotor system’
- Skeletal system
- Bones, cartilage & ligaments
- Function: support, protection, movement, mineral and fat storage, blood production
- Muscular system which is different from muscle tissue 3 types of muscle tissue in the
body
- Muscular system = skeletal muscles + tendons, myofasciae
- Function: Movement, posture, heat production
- Skeletal muscles: different shapes, fibre direction, typically connects bones to bones
- Myofasciae is connective tissue
- Integumentary system: skin(cutis) & subcutaneous tissue
- Function: protection, temp. regulation, sensation
Communication, control and integration
- Endocrine system
- Principle organs: pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, and other
glands
- Function: control and regulation of other systems
- Nervous system
- Principe organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
- Function: control, regulation, and coordination of other systems, sensation, memory
Transport and defense
- Lymphatic system
- Principle organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils
2
, - Function: immunity, fluid balance
- Cardiovascular system
- Principle organs: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
- Function: exchange and transport of materials
Respiration, nutrition and excretion
- Respiratory system
- Principle organs: lungs, bronchial tree, trachea, larynx, nasal cavity
- Function: gas exchange, acid-base balance
- Digestive system
- Principle organs: Stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth,
pancreas
- Function: breakdown and absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste
- Urinary system
- Principle organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
- Function: Excretion of waste, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance
Reproduction and development
- Reproductive system
- Principle organs: Male: testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, penis.
Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts
- Function: Reproduction, continuity of genetic information, nurturing of offspring
Anatomy 2A lecture
Locomotor system – skeletal and muscular system.
Skeletal system: Axial = central axis & Appendicular = attach to the axial skeletal.
We have around 206 bones (adults), child has around 350, because some fuse together.
Bones are 20% of body weight.
Functions: support, protection, movement, production & storage and release.
Red bone marrow produces blood cells, yellow bone marrow is mostly fat tissue and
triglycerides.
99% of Ca in bones.
Long (pipe)bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones & sesamoid bones.
Stirrup shape. Biggest bone is around 40 cm and the smallest around 2 mm.
Epiphyses ends of long bone and diaphysis is the shaft of long bone. Periosteum is the outer
part of the bone. It’s vital for the bone tissue.
Medullary cavity. Bones are alive. Wolff’s law: bone develops in the direction in which forces
act.
Osteoporosis.
Bones show irregularities partly under the influence of the muscles that attach to the bone.
Appendicular skeleton nomenclature
Lower extrimities:
Coxa, sacrum, femur, patella, fibula and tibia.
Foot: Tarsal, metatarsal & proximal phalanges.
Upper extrimities:
3
