Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank
Methods Toward a Science of
Behavior and Experience
TENTH EDITION
William J. Ray
Pennsylvania State University
,Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 What is Science? 1
Chapter 2 Introduction to the Methods of Science 19
Chapter 3 Developing the Hypothesis 41
Chapter 4 Ethics 59
Chapter 5 Description of Behavior Through Numerical Representation 78
Chapter 6 Inferential Statistics: Making Statistical Decisions 100
Chapter 7 Testing the Hypothesis: A Conceptual Introduction 123
Chapter 8 Control: The Keystone of the Experimental Method 146
Chapter 9 Applying the Logic of Experimentation: 168
Between-Subjects Design
Chapter 10 Extending the Logic of Experimentation: 189
Within-Subjects and Matched-Subjects Approaches
Chapter 11 The Ecology of the Experiment: 209
The Scientist and Research Participant in Relation
to their Environments
Chapter 12 Quasi-Experimental, Correlational, and 229
Naturalistic Observation Designs
Chapter 13 Single-Subject Designs 249
Chapter 14 Questionnaires, Survey Research, and Sampling 270
Chapter 15 Sharing the Results 293
Chapter 16 Beyond Method 313
,Preface
This instructor’s manual/test bank accompanies the Tenth Edition of Ray’s Methods:
Toward a Science of Behavior and Experience. It is designed to assist both the
experienced and inexperienced teacher to help their students learn course content.
Each chapter in the manual corresponds to the chapters of the textbook and includes:
Chapter Overview – The overview is a brief summary of the most important content of
the textbook’s chapters.
Chapter Objectives – These objectives describe expected student learning outcomes for
each chapter.
Teaching Points – This section describes the areas of the chapters that students are most
likely to have difficulty understanding. In addition, you’ll find examples that may be
used to provide further illustrations of important textbook content.
Teaching Activities – Students can benefit by having hands-on experience by discussion
or conducting and evaluating research and are part of this section.
Wahsworth’s Research Methods Workshop – These workshops provide students with
activities on subject matter related to most of the chapters.
Internet Resources – Several relevant Internet sites are described in each chapter of the
manual. The sites include demonstrations, tutorials, essays, and exercises to help
students with the contents of the chapter.
Suggested Readings – One or more suggested readings are listed. These readings provide
examples and/or commentary that are relevant to the material covered in each chapter.
Research Activities for Students – Several research activities are provided that will help
students to practice what they learn from each chapter. The activities are designed to be
interesting and may help engage students in research.
Handouts – In this section are the handouts that accompany some of the Teaching
Activities.
Multiple Choice Questions and Short Answer Questions – These questions are designed
to assess student learning. Each question references the page number and section of the
chapter. Each chapter of the manual has at least 40 multiple choice questions and 10 short
answer questions.
, Chapter 1 – What is Science?
Chapter Outline
Science as a Way of Knowing
Tenacity
Authority
Reason
Common Sense
Science
Pseudoscience and Superstition
The Scientific Approach
Early Approaches
Overview
Studying Behavior and Experience
Behavior: A Road Into the Subjective Experience of Research Participants
The People Who Perform Science
Chapter Overview
Knowledge about the world is gathered in several ways. In tenacity, a belief is accepted
because it is presented over and over again. Authority is a way of knowing in which we
accept an idea because an authority figure tells us to. Knowledge can be acquired
through reason and logic. Direct experience serves as the basis of common sense, which
can lead to knowledge. Each possesses shortcomings.
In contrast to these three, science relies upon the scientific method that allows for self-
correction of ideas. The examples of Croesus, Galen, and Semmelweis provide historical
insight in the development of science. Science verifies itself because of its empirical
nature whether one is studying at the cognitive, physiological, or behavioral level. In
investigating the subjective experience of subjects, science must rely upon making
inferences from what is directly observable and objective. Above all, science is a human
activity conducted by people and communicated to people.
Chapter Objectives
1. What roles do the scientist, research participant, and witness play in science?
2. Compare and contrast between the different methods of knowing: tenacity, authority,
reason, common sense, and science.
3. How did Galileo advance our thinking from authority to empiricism?
4. What is pseudoscience and why does it often influence people’s beliefs?
5. What important strides did Croesus, Galen, and Semmelweis make? How have we
advanced in our contemporary scientific approach?
WHAT IS SCIENCE? 1
Methods Toward a Science of
Behavior and Experience
TENTH EDITION
William J. Ray
Pennsylvania State University
,Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 What is Science? 1
Chapter 2 Introduction to the Methods of Science 19
Chapter 3 Developing the Hypothesis 41
Chapter 4 Ethics 59
Chapter 5 Description of Behavior Through Numerical Representation 78
Chapter 6 Inferential Statistics: Making Statistical Decisions 100
Chapter 7 Testing the Hypothesis: A Conceptual Introduction 123
Chapter 8 Control: The Keystone of the Experimental Method 146
Chapter 9 Applying the Logic of Experimentation: 168
Between-Subjects Design
Chapter 10 Extending the Logic of Experimentation: 189
Within-Subjects and Matched-Subjects Approaches
Chapter 11 The Ecology of the Experiment: 209
The Scientist and Research Participant in Relation
to their Environments
Chapter 12 Quasi-Experimental, Correlational, and 229
Naturalistic Observation Designs
Chapter 13 Single-Subject Designs 249
Chapter 14 Questionnaires, Survey Research, and Sampling 270
Chapter 15 Sharing the Results 293
Chapter 16 Beyond Method 313
,Preface
This instructor’s manual/test bank accompanies the Tenth Edition of Ray’s Methods:
Toward a Science of Behavior and Experience. It is designed to assist both the
experienced and inexperienced teacher to help their students learn course content.
Each chapter in the manual corresponds to the chapters of the textbook and includes:
Chapter Overview – The overview is a brief summary of the most important content of
the textbook’s chapters.
Chapter Objectives – These objectives describe expected student learning outcomes for
each chapter.
Teaching Points – This section describes the areas of the chapters that students are most
likely to have difficulty understanding. In addition, you’ll find examples that may be
used to provide further illustrations of important textbook content.
Teaching Activities – Students can benefit by having hands-on experience by discussion
or conducting and evaluating research and are part of this section.
Wahsworth’s Research Methods Workshop – These workshops provide students with
activities on subject matter related to most of the chapters.
Internet Resources – Several relevant Internet sites are described in each chapter of the
manual. The sites include demonstrations, tutorials, essays, and exercises to help
students with the contents of the chapter.
Suggested Readings – One or more suggested readings are listed. These readings provide
examples and/or commentary that are relevant to the material covered in each chapter.
Research Activities for Students – Several research activities are provided that will help
students to practice what they learn from each chapter. The activities are designed to be
interesting and may help engage students in research.
Handouts – In this section are the handouts that accompany some of the Teaching
Activities.
Multiple Choice Questions and Short Answer Questions – These questions are designed
to assess student learning. Each question references the page number and section of the
chapter. Each chapter of the manual has at least 40 multiple choice questions and 10 short
answer questions.
, Chapter 1 – What is Science?
Chapter Outline
Science as a Way of Knowing
Tenacity
Authority
Reason
Common Sense
Science
Pseudoscience and Superstition
The Scientific Approach
Early Approaches
Overview
Studying Behavior and Experience
Behavior: A Road Into the Subjective Experience of Research Participants
The People Who Perform Science
Chapter Overview
Knowledge about the world is gathered in several ways. In tenacity, a belief is accepted
because it is presented over and over again. Authority is a way of knowing in which we
accept an idea because an authority figure tells us to. Knowledge can be acquired
through reason and logic. Direct experience serves as the basis of common sense, which
can lead to knowledge. Each possesses shortcomings.
In contrast to these three, science relies upon the scientific method that allows for self-
correction of ideas. The examples of Croesus, Galen, and Semmelweis provide historical
insight in the development of science. Science verifies itself because of its empirical
nature whether one is studying at the cognitive, physiological, or behavioral level. In
investigating the subjective experience of subjects, science must rely upon making
inferences from what is directly observable and objective. Above all, science is a human
activity conducted by people and communicated to people.
Chapter Objectives
1. What roles do the scientist, research participant, and witness play in science?
2. Compare and contrast between the different methods of knowing: tenacity, authority,
reason, common sense, and science.
3. How did Galileo advance our thinking from authority to empiricism?
4. What is pseudoscience and why does it often influence people’s beliefs?
5. What important strides did Croesus, Galen, and Semmelweis make? How have we
advanced in our contemporary scientific approach?
WHAT IS SCIENCE? 1
