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Samenvatting Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

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Covering the basics through advanced operation of spark-ignition and diesel engines. Written by one of the most recognized and highly regarded names in internal combustion engines this trusted educational resource and professional reference covers the key physical and chemical processes that govern internal combustion engine operation and design. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, Second Edition, has been thoroughly revised to cover recent advances, including performance enhancement, efficiency improvements, and emission reduction technologies. Highly illustrated and cross referenced, the book includes discussions of these engines' environmental impacts and requirements. You will get complete explanations of spark-ignition and compression-ignition (diesel) engine operating characteristics as well as of engine flow and combustion phenomena and fuel requirements. Coverage includes: - Engine types and their operation - Engine design and operating parameters - Thermochemistry of fuel-air mixtures - Properties of working fluids - Ideal models of engine cycles - Gas exchange processes - Mixture preparation in spark-ignition engines - Charge motion within the cylinder - Combustion in spark-ignition engines - Combustion in compression-ignition engines - Pollutant formation and control - Engine heat transfer - Engine friction and lubrication - Modeling real engine flow and combustion processes - Engine operating characteristics

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Hoofdstuk 1 t/m 15
Uploaded on
February 9, 2022
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Written in
2021/2022
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4. Reglementering

Europese richtlijnen: light-duty : personenwagens
heavy-duty : vrachtwagens, bussen

1ste Europese richtlijnen 70/220/EEG (1970)
vanaf 2000 Euro 3
“ 2005 Euro 4

Nieuwe normen:
aandacht duurzaamheid emissiesystemen
Euro 3: 80.000 km of 5 jaar
Euro 4: 100.000 km of 5 jaar

vanaf 2002: test bij lage temperatuur (-7 °C)
vanaf 2000 (2003): benzine (diesel)
OBD On Board Diagnose System

USA: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

normen: Tier

California: California Air Resources Board
CARB of ARB: normen LEV
Onderverdeling: TLEV
LEV
ULEV
SULEV
ZLEV




reglementering slide 1.

, Europese emissienormen

tabel 1: light-duty diesel
(personenwagens, light-duty)

tabel 2: benzine voertuigen


opmerkingen:

- eisen brandstofkwaliteit
diesel: vanaf 2000 CN ≥ 51
S ≤ 350 ppm (vanaf 2000)
S ≤ 50 ppm (vanaf 2005)

- onderscheid benzine - diesel
benzine: nagenoeg geen partikels (geen norm)
GDI wel !

diesel: lage CO
hoge NOX


tabel 3: heavy-duty ECE R-49 en de ESC-ELR


tabel 4: heavy-duty ETC




reglementering slide 2.
R61,08
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