Contents
Chapter 1 – Theories of European Integration.......................................................................................7
European Integration and the First Attempts to Theorize It...............................................................7
The Intellectual Background...............................................................................................................7
Theories of European Integration.......................................................................................................8
Neofunctionalism...........................................................................................................................8
Neofunctionalism Revised............................................................................................................10
Intergovernmentalism..................................................................................................................10
Liberal Intergovernmentalism......................................................................................................11
New Intergovernmentalism..........................................................................................................11
Postfunctionalism.........................................................................................................................11
Chapter 2 – Theories of EU Governance...............................................................................................13
A Shift of Focus.................................................................................................................................13
New Institutionalism.........................................................................................................................13
Governance......................................................................................................................................14
Policy Networks................................................................................................................................16
EU Governance Approaches.............................................................................................................18
Chapter 5 – From the End of the War to the Schuman Plan.................................................................19
Background: The Ideal of European Unity........................................................................................19
The End of the War: Federalism, and the Hague Congress...............................................................19
The Cold War....................................................................................................................................19
The German Problem.......................................................................................................................21
The Schuman Plan for Coal and Steel...............................................................................................21
National Positions and the Origins of the ECSC................................................................................21
From the Schuman Plan to the Treaty of Paris.................................................................................22
Chapter 6 – The “Other” European Communities and the Origins of the European Economic
Community (the Early 1950s to the 1960s)..........................................................................................23
The Pleven Plan................................................................................................................................23
The European Coal and Steel Community........................................................................................24
Messina............................................................................................................................................24
The Road to Rome Treaties..............................................................................................................25
Euratom............................................................................................................................................26
Chapter 7 – The First Years of the European Economic Community (the 1960s and into the 1970s)...27
The Early Years: 1958-63..................................................................................................................27
The 1963 Crisis..................................................................................................................................27
1
, The 1965 Crisis..................................................................................................................................28
The Luxembourg Compromise..........................................................................................................28
Into the 1970s...................................................................................................................................28
The Hague Summit...........................................................................................................................29
Chapter 8 – The Revival of European Integration (the Mid-1970s to the Late 1980s)..........................31
Leadership Changes: 1974................................................................................................................31
The European Council.......................................................................................................................31
Other Institutional Developments....................................................................................................31
The European Monetary System......................................................................................................31
The Southern Enlargements.............................................................................................................31
The British Budget Rebate................................................................................................................31
Leadership Changes: 1981-82...........................................................................................................32
Moves to Revive the EC....................................................................................................................32
Fontainebleau...................................................................................................................................32
1985: A Watershed Year...................................................................................................................33
The Single European Act...................................................................................................................33
Chapter 9 – Maastricht and Amsterdam (the Late 1980s to the Late 1990s).......................................34
Towards Maastricht..........................................................................................................................34
The Treaty on European Union.........................................................................................................34
After Maastricht...............................................................................................................................34
The Commission after Maastricht.....................................................................................................35
Political Change................................................................................................................................35
Monetary Union...............................................................................................................................35
Enlargement.....................................................................................................................................35
The 1996 IGC....................................................................................................................................35
The Treaty of Amsterdam.................................................................................................................36
Chapter 10 – From Amsterdam to Lisbon (2000-09)............................................................................37
The Nice Treaty.................................................................................................................................37
The Lisbon Strategy..........................................................................................................................37
European Security and Defense Policy.............................................................................................37
The Constitutional Treaty.................................................................................................................38
Enlargement.....................................................................................................................................38
The European Parliament and the New Commission.......................................................................38
The Lisbon Treaty.............................................................................................................................38
Chapter 11 – the EU in Crisis (2009-19)................................................................................................40
The Unfolding Eurozone Crisis..........................................................................................................40
2
, The Refugee Crisis............................................................................................................................40
Brexit................................................................................................................................................41
The Populist Challenge.....................................................................................................................41
Other Developments........................................................................................................................41
Chapter 12 – The Institutional Architecture.........................................................................................42
The Treaties......................................................................................................................................42
The Decision Making Institutions (the Union Method).....................................................................43
The European Council...................................................................................................................43
The Commission...........................................................................................................................43
The Council of the EU (the Council)..............................................................................................43
The European Parliament.............................................................................................................44
The European economic and Social Committee (EESC)................................................................45
The Committee of the Regions (CoR)............................................................................................45
Decision Making Procedures............................................................................................................45
The Budgetary Procedure.............................................................................................................46
Legislative Procedures..................................................................................................................46
Implementation................................................................................................................................48
National Authorities and Implementation....................................................................................48
The Commission and Implementation..........................................................................................48
The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)......................................................................49
The Court of Auditors...................................................................................................................49
The Decision Making Institutions (CFSP)...........................................................................................49
The Post-Lisbon Architecture of the EU............................................................................................50
Catalogue of Competences...........................................................................................................50
Differentiated Integration.............................................................................................................51
Emergency Brakes........................................................................................................................51
Passerelle Clauses.........................................................................................................................51
Key points.........................................................................................................................................51
Chapter 13 – the European Commission..............................................................................................54
Functions..........................................................................................................................................54
Composition and appointment.........................................................................................................54
The Commission in the Policy-Making Process.................................................................................55
The Commission and the Member States.....................................................................................55
The Commission as an Agent of the Member States....................................................................55
The Commission as an Autonomous Actor...................................................................................56
The Commission and the European Parliament............................................................................57
3
, The Commission and Managing Implementation.............................................................................57
The Commission as Implementer.................................................................................................57
Financial Management.....................................................................................................................58
Key Points.........................................................................................................................................58
Chapter 14 – The European Council and the Council of the European Union (EU)...............................59
Definitions and Distinctions..............................................................................................................59
Intergovernmental and Supranational Interpretations.....................................................................59
The European Council.......................................................................................................................60
The Rationale for the European Council.......................................................................................60
Composition and Organization.....................................................................................................60
Functions and Dysfunctions..........................................................................................................60
Intergovernmentalism and Informality in the European Council..................................................61
The Council of the EU.......................................................................................................................62
A Purely Intergovernmental Institution?......................................................................................63
COREPER and other Preparatory Bodies...........................................................................................63
COREPER.......................................................................................................................................63
High-Level Preparatory Bodies.....................................................................................................65
The Working Parties.....................................................................................................................65
The Council Presidency.....................................................................................................................65
Conclusion....................................................................................................................................66
Key Points.........................................................................................................................................66
Chapter 15 – The European Parliament................................................................................................68
The Struggle for Power.....................................................................................................................69
Direct Elections.............................................................................................................................70
Budgetary Powers.........................................................................................................................70
Influence in the Legislative Process..............................................................................................70
The EP and the Commission.........................................................................................................70
Debates and Research......................................................................................................................71
Political Behavior and EP Elections...............................................................................................71
International Politics and Organization of the EP.........................................................................72
Committee Work in the EP...........................................................................................................72
The Party Groups..........................................................................................................................72
The Independence of MEPs..........................................................................................................73
The EP and Inter-Institutional Bargaining.....................................................................................73
Key points.........................................................................................................................................73
Chapter 16 – The Court of Justice of the European Union....................................................................75
4
, Context.............................................................................................................................................75
Structure and Functions...................................................................................................................75
Structure.......................................................................................................................................75
Functions......................................................................................................................................75
CJEU Rulings on the Powers of the Institutions................................................................................76
The Isoglocuse case (1980)...........................................................................................................76
Les Verts v. European Parliament (1986)......................................................................................76
European Parliament v. Council (the Comitology case) (1988).....................................................77
European Parliament v. Council (the Chernobyl case) (1990).......................................................77
CJEU Rulings on the Nature of Law...................................................................................................77
Van Gend en Loos (1963)..............................................................................................................77
Costa v. ENEL (1964).....................................................................................................................77
Van Duyn v. Home Office (1974)...................................................................................................78
The Factortame Cases (1990, 1991).............................................................................................78
Francovich v. Italy (1991)..............................................................................................................78
CJEU Rulings and Policy Impact........................................................................................................78
The Rise of Subsidiarity, the CJEU, and Law......................................................................................78
Court Curbing? The CJEU and the Member States............................................................................79
The Intergovernmental case.........................................................................................................79
The Neofunctionalist case.............................................................................................................79
Key Points.........................................................................................................................................80
Chapter 17 – Organized Interests.........................................................................................................82
The Growth of Interest Group Activity at the EU Level.....................................................................82
Types of Interest Group....................................................................................................................82
Forms of Interest Representation.....................................................................................................82
Resources.........................................................................................................................................83
Organized Interests and the Institutional Actors..............................................................................83
Regulating lobbying..........................................................................................................................84
Key points.........................................................................................................................................84
Chapter 18 – Policy Making and Policies in the European Union.........................................................86
The European Union’s Policy Agenda...............................................................................................86
The European Union’s Policy Cycle...................................................................................................88
Agenda setting..............................................................................................................................88
Policy formulation........................................................................................................................88
Decision making............................................................................................................................88
Implementation............................................................................................................................88
5
, Review and Feedback...................................................................................................................89
Overview.......................................................................................................................................89
Major Policy Areas............................................................................................................................89
Competition..................................................................................................................................89
Employment, Social Affairs, and Inclusion....................................................................................90
Cohesion Policy.............................................................................................................................90
Energy...........................................................................................................................................91
Transport......................................................................................................................................91
Research and Innovation..............................................................................................................91
Key Points.........................................................................................................................................91
Chapter 26 – Enlargement....................................................................................................................93
History..............................................................................................................................................93
The Enlargement Procedure.............................................................................................................93
Explaining Enlargement....................................................................................................................94
Turkey...............................................................................................................................................94
Enlargement fatigue?.......................................................................................................................95
Key Points.........................................................................................................................................95
Abbreviations.......................................................................................................................................97
6
Chapter 1 – Theories of European Integration.......................................................................................7
European Integration and the First Attempts to Theorize It...............................................................7
The Intellectual Background...............................................................................................................7
Theories of European Integration.......................................................................................................8
Neofunctionalism...........................................................................................................................8
Neofunctionalism Revised............................................................................................................10
Intergovernmentalism..................................................................................................................10
Liberal Intergovernmentalism......................................................................................................11
New Intergovernmentalism..........................................................................................................11
Postfunctionalism.........................................................................................................................11
Chapter 2 – Theories of EU Governance...............................................................................................13
A Shift of Focus.................................................................................................................................13
New Institutionalism.........................................................................................................................13
Governance......................................................................................................................................14
Policy Networks................................................................................................................................16
EU Governance Approaches.............................................................................................................18
Chapter 5 – From the End of the War to the Schuman Plan.................................................................19
Background: The Ideal of European Unity........................................................................................19
The End of the War: Federalism, and the Hague Congress...............................................................19
The Cold War....................................................................................................................................19
The German Problem.......................................................................................................................21
The Schuman Plan for Coal and Steel...............................................................................................21
National Positions and the Origins of the ECSC................................................................................21
From the Schuman Plan to the Treaty of Paris.................................................................................22
Chapter 6 – The “Other” European Communities and the Origins of the European Economic
Community (the Early 1950s to the 1960s)..........................................................................................23
The Pleven Plan................................................................................................................................23
The European Coal and Steel Community........................................................................................24
Messina............................................................................................................................................24
The Road to Rome Treaties..............................................................................................................25
Euratom............................................................................................................................................26
Chapter 7 – The First Years of the European Economic Community (the 1960s and into the 1970s)...27
The Early Years: 1958-63..................................................................................................................27
The 1963 Crisis..................................................................................................................................27
1
, The 1965 Crisis..................................................................................................................................28
The Luxembourg Compromise..........................................................................................................28
Into the 1970s...................................................................................................................................28
The Hague Summit...........................................................................................................................29
Chapter 8 – The Revival of European Integration (the Mid-1970s to the Late 1980s)..........................31
Leadership Changes: 1974................................................................................................................31
The European Council.......................................................................................................................31
Other Institutional Developments....................................................................................................31
The European Monetary System......................................................................................................31
The Southern Enlargements.............................................................................................................31
The British Budget Rebate................................................................................................................31
Leadership Changes: 1981-82...........................................................................................................32
Moves to Revive the EC....................................................................................................................32
Fontainebleau...................................................................................................................................32
1985: A Watershed Year...................................................................................................................33
The Single European Act...................................................................................................................33
Chapter 9 – Maastricht and Amsterdam (the Late 1980s to the Late 1990s).......................................34
Towards Maastricht..........................................................................................................................34
The Treaty on European Union.........................................................................................................34
After Maastricht...............................................................................................................................34
The Commission after Maastricht.....................................................................................................35
Political Change................................................................................................................................35
Monetary Union...............................................................................................................................35
Enlargement.....................................................................................................................................35
The 1996 IGC....................................................................................................................................35
The Treaty of Amsterdam.................................................................................................................36
Chapter 10 – From Amsterdam to Lisbon (2000-09)............................................................................37
The Nice Treaty.................................................................................................................................37
The Lisbon Strategy..........................................................................................................................37
European Security and Defense Policy.............................................................................................37
The Constitutional Treaty.................................................................................................................38
Enlargement.....................................................................................................................................38
The European Parliament and the New Commission.......................................................................38
The Lisbon Treaty.............................................................................................................................38
Chapter 11 – the EU in Crisis (2009-19)................................................................................................40
The Unfolding Eurozone Crisis..........................................................................................................40
2
, The Refugee Crisis............................................................................................................................40
Brexit................................................................................................................................................41
The Populist Challenge.....................................................................................................................41
Other Developments........................................................................................................................41
Chapter 12 – The Institutional Architecture.........................................................................................42
The Treaties......................................................................................................................................42
The Decision Making Institutions (the Union Method).....................................................................43
The European Council...................................................................................................................43
The Commission...........................................................................................................................43
The Council of the EU (the Council)..............................................................................................43
The European Parliament.............................................................................................................44
The European economic and Social Committee (EESC)................................................................45
The Committee of the Regions (CoR)............................................................................................45
Decision Making Procedures............................................................................................................45
The Budgetary Procedure.............................................................................................................46
Legislative Procedures..................................................................................................................46
Implementation................................................................................................................................48
National Authorities and Implementation....................................................................................48
The Commission and Implementation..........................................................................................48
The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)......................................................................49
The Court of Auditors...................................................................................................................49
The Decision Making Institutions (CFSP)...........................................................................................49
The Post-Lisbon Architecture of the EU............................................................................................50
Catalogue of Competences...........................................................................................................50
Differentiated Integration.............................................................................................................51
Emergency Brakes........................................................................................................................51
Passerelle Clauses.........................................................................................................................51
Key points.........................................................................................................................................51
Chapter 13 – the European Commission..............................................................................................54
Functions..........................................................................................................................................54
Composition and appointment.........................................................................................................54
The Commission in the Policy-Making Process.................................................................................55
The Commission and the Member States.....................................................................................55
The Commission as an Agent of the Member States....................................................................55
The Commission as an Autonomous Actor...................................................................................56
The Commission and the European Parliament............................................................................57
3
, The Commission and Managing Implementation.............................................................................57
The Commission as Implementer.................................................................................................57
Financial Management.....................................................................................................................58
Key Points.........................................................................................................................................58
Chapter 14 – The European Council and the Council of the European Union (EU)...............................59
Definitions and Distinctions..............................................................................................................59
Intergovernmental and Supranational Interpretations.....................................................................59
The European Council.......................................................................................................................60
The Rationale for the European Council.......................................................................................60
Composition and Organization.....................................................................................................60
Functions and Dysfunctions..........................................................................................................60
Intergovernmentalism and Informality in the European Council..................................................61
The Council of the EU.......................................................................................................................62
A Purely Intergovernmental Institution?......................................................................................63
COREPER and other Preparatory Bodies...........................................................................................63
COREPER.......................................................................................................................................63
High-Level Preparatory Bodies.....................................................................................................65
The Working Parties.....................................................................................................................65
The Council Presidency.....................................................................................................................65
Conclusion....................................................................................................................................66
Key Points.........................................................................................................................................66
Chapter 15 – The European Parliament................................................................................................68
The Struggle for Power.....................................................................................................................69
Direct Elections.............................................................................................................................70
Budgetary Powers.........................................................................................................................70
Influence in the Legislative Process..............................................................................................70
The EP and the Commission.........................................................................................................70
Debates and Research......................................................................................................................71
Political Behavior and EP Elections...............................................................................................71
International Politics and Organization of the EP.........................................................................72
Committee Work in the EP...........................................................................................................72
The Party Groups..........................................................................................................................72
The Independence of MEPs..........................................................................................................73
The EP and Inter-Institutional Bargaining.....................................................................................73
Key points.........................................................................................................................................73
Chapter 16 – The Court of Justice of the European Union....................................................................75
4
, Context.............................................................................................................................................75
Structure and Functions...................................................................................................................75
Structure.......................................................................................................................................75
Functions......................................................................................................................................75
CJEU Rulings on the Powers of the Institutions................................................................................76
The Isoglocuse case (1980)...........................................................................................................76
Les Verts v. European Parliament (1986)......................................................................................76
European Parliament v. Council (the Comitology case) (1988).....................................................77
European Parliament v. Council (the Chernobyl case) (1990).......................................................77
CJEU Rulings on the Nature of Law...................................................................................................77
Van Gend en Loos (1963)..............................................................................................................77
Costa v. ENEL (1964).....................................................................................................................77
Van Duyn v. Home Office (1974)...................................................................................................78
The Factortame Cases (1990, 1991).............................................................................................78
Francovich v. Italy (1991)..............................................................................................................78
CJEU Rulings and Policy Impact........................................................................................................78
The Rise of Subsidiarity, the CJEU, and Law......................................................................................78
Court Curbing? The CJEU and the Member States............................................................................79
The Intergovernmental case.........................................................................................................79
The Neofunctionalist case.............................................................................................................79
Key Points.........................................................................................................................................80
Chapter 17 – Organized Interests.........................................................................................................82
The Growth of Interest Group Activity at the EU Level.....................................................................82
Types of Interest Group....................................................................................................................82
Forms of Interest Representation.....................................................................................................82
Resources.........................................................................................................................................83
Organized Interests and the Institutional Actors..............................................................................83
Regulating lobbying..........................................................................................................................84
Key points.........................................................................................................................................84
Chapter 18 – Policy Making and Policies in the European Union.........................................................86
The European Union’s Policy Agenda...............................................................................................86
The European Union’s Policy Cycle...................................................................................................88
Agenda setting..............................................................................................................................88
Policy formulation........................................................................................................................88
Decision making............................................................................................................................88
Implementation............................................................................................................................88
5
, Review and Feedback...................................................................................................................89
Overview.......................................................................................................................................89
Major Policy Areas............................................................................................................................89
Competition..................................................................................................................................89
Employment, Social Affairs, and Inclusion....................................................................................90
Cohesion Policy.............................................................................................................................90
Energy...........................................................................................................................................91
Transport......................................................................................................................................91
Research and Innovation..............................................................................................................91
Key Points.........................................................................................................................................91
Chapter 26 – Enlargement....................................................................................................................93
History..............................................................................................................................................93
The Enlargement Procedure.............................................................................................................93
Explaining Enlargement....................................................................................................................94
Turkey...............................................................................................................................................94
Enlargement fatigue?.......................................................................................................................95
Key Points.........................................................................................................................................95
Abbreviations.......................................................................................................................................97
6
