2nd secondary 1
Chemistry
Second Secondary
, 2nd secondary 2
Contents
Chapter One:
Atomic structure.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aoi4j8es4gQ
Chapter Two:
The periodic table and classification of elements.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hePb00CqvP0
Chapter Three:
Bonds and forms of molecules.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PoQjsnQmxok
Chapter Four:
The representative elements of some regular
groups.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0N1ZZZRM48
, 2nd secondary 3
General objectives of chapter one:
1-Recognize the historical background of atomic structure.
2-Describe the properties of cathode rays.
3-Discuss the Rutherford’s atomic model.
4-Recognize the Bohr’s atomic model.
5-Define the reasons of inadequacy of Bohr’s model.
6-Construes the modification introduced by the modem
atomic theory.
7-Explain the concept of electron cloud and orbitals.
8-Define the four quantum numbers.
9-Distribute electrons of any atom considering the building
up principle and hund’s rule.
10-Appreciate the efforts of scientists in the development
of chemistry.
, 2nd secondary 4
Chapter one
Structure of the atom
Atomic structure
1-Democritus’s (Greek philosophers) idea:
Any piece of matter can be divided into smaller parts and each part can be
subdivided into smaller parts which can't be divided this part is called Atom.
2- Aristotle
A-He refused the idea of Greek philosophers about the atom.
b- He supposed that all matters composed of 4 constituents which are (water,
air, dust and fire) and postulated that the cheap metals such as iron or copper
can be changed into precious ones like gold by changing the percentage of four
constituents.
3- Boyle’s idea (1661)
A-He refused the Aristotle concept.
B-He was the 1st scientist to define the element as pure simple substance which
Cannot be analyses into simple one by normal chemical methods.
4- Dalton's atom (English 1803)
He supposed that:
1- The substance consists of very small particles called atoms, which is a
very undividable solid particles.
2- Every element consists of very small dense atoms which can’t be divided.
3- Atoms of the same element is identical.
4- Atoms of different are different.
5- The compounds are formed by combination of atoms of different
elements in simple ratios.
5 – Thomson’s model of the atom:
The scientist Thomson carried out many experiments on the electric
discharge through gases from which he had discovered the cathode rays.
He considered the atom as a solid sphere of uniform positive electric
charges in which a number of negatively charged particles is embedded
To make the atom electrically neutral.
Chemistry
Second Secondary
, 2nd secondary 2
Contents
Chapter One:
Atomic structure.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aoi4j8es4gQ
Chapter Two:
The periodic table and classification of elements.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hePb00CqvP0
Chapter Three:
Bonds and forms of molecules.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PoQjsnQmxok
Chapter Four:
The representative elements of some regular
groups.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0N1ZZZRM48
, 2nd secondary 3
General objectives of chapter one:
1-Recognize the historical background of atomic structure.
2-Describe the properties of cathode rays.
3-Discuss the Rutherford’s atomic model.
4-Recognize the Bohr’s atomic model.
5-Define the reasons of inadequacy of Bohr’s model.
6-Construes the modification introduced by the modem
atomic theory.
7-Explain the concept of electron cloud and orbitals.
8-Define the four quantum numbers.
9-Distribute electrons of any atom considering the building
up principle and hund’s rule.
10-Appreciate the efforts of scientists in the development
of chemistry.
, 2nd secondary 4
Chapter one
Structure of the atom
Atomic structure
1-Democritus’s (Greek philosophers) idea:
Any piece of matter can be divided into smaller parts and each part can be
subdivided into smaller parts which can't be divided this part is called Atom.
2- Aristotle
A-He refused the idea of Greek philosophers about the atom.
b- He supposed that all matters composed of 4 constituents which are (water,
air, dust and fire) and postulated that the cheap metals such as iron or copper
can be changed into precious ones like gold by changing the percentage of four
constituents.
3- Boyle’s idea (1661)
A-He refused the Aristotle concept.
B-He was the 1st scientist to define the element as pure simple substance which
Cannot be analyses into simple one by normal chemical methods.
4- Dalton's atom (English 1803)
He supposed that:
1- The substance consists of very small particles called atoms, which is a
very undividable solid particles.
2- Every element consists of very small dense atoms which can’t be divided.
3- Atoms of the same element is identical.
4- Atoms of different are different.
5- The compounds are formed by combination of atoms of different
elements in simple ratios.
5 – Thomson’s model of the atom:
The scientist Thomson carried out many experiments on the electric
discharge through gases from which he had discovered the cathode rays.
He considered the atom as a solid sphere of uniform positive electric
charges in which a number of negatively charged particles is embedded
To make the atom electrically neutral.
