Environmental Toxicology Summary VU Pre-Master

Environmental Toxicology Summary
My summary for the Environmental Toxicology course 2021

The subjects for this course are:

● Introduction to Environmental Toxicology
● Apolar Chemicals
● Metal Speciation
● Introduction Toxicology
● ADME and Toxicity
● Modes of Action
● POP
● Dose-Response relationships
● Mixture toxicity
● Metal toxicity and resistance
● Effects at different levels
● Risk Assessment and QSARS
● Bioassays, Biomarkers and Biosensors



The frequently found substances are:

● Benzophenones
● Bisphenol A
● Diclofenac
● DEET
● Endosulfan
● Fluoxetine
● Glyphosate
● Imidacloprid
● Nonylphenol
● PFOA
● Triclosan
● Vinclozolin

,Inhoud
Apolar chemicals 4
Contents of this lecture: 4

Metal speciation 20
Contents of this lecture: 20

Introduction to Toxicology 27
Goals: 27
Content of this lecture: 27

ADME and Toxicity 42
Contents of this lecture: 42

Modes of Action 55
Content of this lecture: 55

POP - Persistent Organic Pollutants 61
Contents of this lecture: 61

Dose-Response relationships 76
Contents of this lecture: 76

Mixture toxicity 87
Contents of this lecture: 87

Metal toxicity and metal resistance in animals 89
Contents of this lecture: 89

Effects at different levels of biological organization 98
Contents of this lecture: 98

Risk Assessment 106
Contents of this lecture: 106

QSARs and QSPRs 111
Contents of this lecture: 112

Bioassays, Biomarkers and Biosensors 115
Contents of this lecture: 115

Effects on populations 119
Contents of this lecture: 120

Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment 125

, Content of this lecture: 125

Human Risk Assessment 132
Content of this lecture: 132

Checklist: What should you be able to do for the exam 136
Apolar chemicals: 136
Metal speciation: 136
ADME and Toxicity: 136
Dose-Response relationships: 136
Metal toxicity and resistance: 136
Effects at different levels: 136
Risk assessment & QSARs 137
Bioassays, biomarkers and biosensors 137
Population effects: 137
Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment: 137

, Apolar chemicals
Contents of this lecture:
● What are Apolar chemicals
● Behaviour is Soil and water
● Uptake by organisms
● Kow to predict environmental behaviour (QSARS or QSPRs)
● How to determine Kow



Apolar Chemicals: Chemicals with a more or less equal distribution of charge. (Chemistry: binding
orbital between atoms within a molecule). A very equal distribution of charge. Which makes them
insoluble in water.

Polar chemicals: Molecules with the highest electron density is found on one side, because of the
attractive force of one atom or group. A very unequal distribution of charge. Which makes them
water-soluble.

Polar molecules easily dissolve in water.

Polar groups in organic molecules:

● -OH
● -NO2
● -NH2
● =0

Give the molecule some polar properties.




Benzene is an Apolar chemical. It’s a very volatile compound.




When a NO2 group is added to a benzene, you get a Nitrobenzene which is Polar.