BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND
ORGANIZATION
GLOBAL INNOVATIVE LEADERSHIP MODULE
ERASMUS+ STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP FOR YOUTH
2015-2-TR01-KA205-022935 | www.eleaderstochange.com
,Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Theoretical Background ....................................................................................... 4
1. Background .................................................................................................................... 4
1.1. Understanding the business organisation – a multidisciplinary approach ................. 5
1.2. Decision making ........................................................................................................ 6
1.3. The management role ................................................................................................ 6
2. Universality of management: ........................................................................................ 9
2.1. The Reality of Work .................................................................................................. 9
Chapter 2. Management and Business Organization.......................................................... 11
1. Integrative Managerial Issues ..................................................................................... 11
1.1. Managing in a Global Environment ........................................................................ 11
1.1.1. The economic environment ............................................................................... 11
1.1.2. The political/legal environment ......................................................................... 12
1.1.3. The cultural environment ................................................................................... 12
1.1.4. Global Management in Today’s World ............................................................. 12
1.2. Managing Diversity ................................................................................................. 13
1.2.1. Diversity............................................................................................................. 13
1.2.2. Types of Workplace Diversity ........................................................................... 13
1.2.3. Challenges in Managing Diversity .................................................................... 14
1.2.4. Workplace Diversity Initiatives ......................................................................... 15
1.3. Managing Social Responsibility and Ethics ............................................................ 15
1.3.1. Social Responsibility ......................................................................................... 15
1.3.2. Managers and Ethical Behavior ......................................................................... 16
1.3.3. Social Responsibility and Ethics Issues In Today’s World ............................... 16
1.4. Managing Change and Innovation ........................................................................... 17
1.4.1. Types of Organizational Change ....................................................................... 17
1.4.2. Contemporary Issues in Managing Change ....................................................... 17
1.4.3. Stimulating Innovation ...................................................................................... 17
2. Planning ........................................................................................................................ 18
2.1. Foundations of Planning .......................................................................................... 19
2.1.1. Goals and Plans.................................................................................................. 19
2.1.2. Setting Goals and Developing Plans .................................................................. 20
2.1.3. Contemporary Issues in Planning ...................................................................... 20
2.2. Strategic Management ............................................................................................. 21
2.2.1. The strategic management process .................................................................... 21
2.2.2. Corporate Strategies ........................................................................................... 21
2.2.3. Competitive Strategies ....................................................................................... 22
2.2.4. Current Strategic Management Issues ............................................................... 22
3. Organizing .................................................................................................................... 23
3.1. Basic Organizational Design ................................................................................... 23
3.1.1. Designing Organizational Structure................................................................... 23
3.1.2. Traditional Organizational Design..................................................................... 24
3.2. Adaptive Organizational Design ............................................................................. 24
3.3. Managing Human Resources ................................................................................... 24
3.3.1. Managing Teams................................................................................................ 25
1
, 4. Leading.......................................................................................................................... 26
4.1. Understanding Individual Behavior ........................................................................ 26
4.1.1. Attitudes and Job Performance .......................................................................... 27
4.1.2. Personality ......................................................................................................... 28
4.1.3. Perception .......................................................................................................... 29
4.1.4. Learning ............................................................................................................. 30
4.2. Social Learning ........................................................................................................ 30
4.3. Managers and Communication ................................................................................ 32
4.3.1. Methods of Interpersonal Communication ........................................................ 32
4.3.2. Effective Interpersonal Communication ............................................................ 33
4.3.3. Organizational Communication ......................................................................... 33
4.3.4. Organizational Communication Networks ........................................................ 34
4.4. Motivating Employees............................................................................................. 35
4.4.1. Early Theories of Motivation ............................................................................. 35
4.4.2. Contemporary Theories of Motivation .............................................................. 36
4.5. Managers as Leaders ............................................................................................... 38
4.5.1. Early theories of leadership ............................................................................... 38
4.5.2. The three major contingency theories of leadership .......................................... 39
5. Controlling .................................................................................................................... 40
5.1. The Control Process................................................................................................. 41
5.2. Controlling for Organizational Performance ........................................................... 42
5.3. Tools for measuring Organizational Performance................................................... 42
5.4. Managing Operations .............................................................................................. 43
5.4.1. The Role of Operations Management ................................................................ 43
6. Planning Techniques.................................................................................................... 44
6.1. Techniques for Assessing the Environment ............................................................ 44
6.1.1. Environmental Scanning .................................................................................... 44
6.1.2. Forecasting ......................................................................................................... 45
6.1.3. Benchmarking .................................................................................................... 46
6.2. Techniques for Allocating Resources ...................................................................... 47
6.2.1. Budgeting ........................................................................................................... 47
6.2.2. Scheduling ......................................................................................................... 48
Chapter 3. Tools ..................................................................................................................... 49
1. Free Software Tools ..................................................................................................... 49
1.1. iDempiere Business Suites -Enterprise resource planning (ERP) ........................... 49
1.2. Apptivo .................................................................................................................... 52
1.3. Officebooks ............................................................................................................. 53
1.4. SoHoOS ................................................................................................................... 53
1.5. Zoho ......................................................................................................................... 53
Chapter 4. Case Studies for Management and Business Organization ............................. 55
Resourses ................................................................................................................................. 56
2
, CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
The first chapter will serve two purposes: The first is to equip you with the understanding you
will need of the main key terms you are going to be working with. However, you are not just
given definitions. The idea is to offer you a way of developing your own understanding of key
concepts and to be able to evaluate the meanings others attach to the terms you will meet.
Secondly, Section 1 discusses the background to the subject so that you can appreciate why
and how it has developed. The different influences on its development are important. At first
it may be difficult to see how this is relevant to your wanting to understand business and
management today, but the developments of today emerge from this background and are often
influenced by the major events and theories of the past.
This study adopts a gender perspective to analyze funding decisions made by an investment
fund that invests equity stakes in new ventures. Prior research has indicated thatthere is
gender skewness in risk capital investments resulting from a combination ofdemand- and
supply-side issues. We apply signaling theory to examine the interfacebetween demand and
supply to understand gender biases related to risk capital investments. In-depth analyses of
decision documents from four investment cases show thatgender plays a role in the signals
that are communicated in the prefunding entrepreneur investor relationship.
1. Background
Let’s think about the concept of ‘organisation’. Many definitions are possible, but most of
these include the characteristics of people, goals and structures. People are social beings and,
by and large, tend to cooperate in interdependent relationships to achieve common aims.
Originally people formed simple family and tribal structures. Today we have evolved into a
complex society characterised by large, formal and increasingly global structures. For our
purposes, then, we can define an organisation as: a social entity that provides the necessary
structures to achieve specific aims.
For our purposes in this subject guide, we will understand the term business to mean: a
commercial enterprise or establishment that trades in goods or services.
We can define the business organisation as: an entity that is both commercial and social,
which provides the necessary structures to achieve the central objective of trades in goods or
services.
3
ORGANIZATION
GLOBAL INNOVATIVE LEADERSHIP MODULE
ERASMUS+ STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP FOR YOUTH
2015-2-TR01-KA205-022935 | www.eleaderstochange.com
,Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Theoretical Background ....................................................................................... 4
1. Background .................................................................................................................... 4
1.1. Understanding the business organisation – a multidisciplinary approach ................. 5
1.2. Decision making ........................................................................................................ 6
1.3. The management role ................................................................................................ 6
2. Universality of management: ........................................................................................ 9
2.1. The Reality of Work .................................................................................................. 9
Chapter 2. Management and Business Organization.......................................................... 11
1. Integrative Managerial Issues ..................................................................................... 11
1.1. Managing in a Global Environment ........................................................................ 11
1.1.1. The economic environment ............................................................................... 11
1.1.2. The political/legal environment ......................................................................... 12
1.1.3. The cultural environment ................................................................................... 12
1.1.4. Global Management in Today’s World ............................................................. 12
1.2. Managing Diversity ................................................................................................. 13
1.2.1. Diversity............................................................................................................. 13
1.2.2. Types of Workplace Diversity ........................................................................... 13
1.2.3. Challenges in Managing Diversity .................................................................... 14
1.2.4. Workplace Diversity Initiatives ......................................................................... 15
1.3. Managing Social Responsibility and Ethics ............................................................ 15
1.3.1. Social Responsibility ......................................................................................... 15
1.3.2. Managers and Ethical Behavior ......................................................................... 16
1.3.3. Social Responsibility and Ethics Issues In Today’s World ............................... 16
1.4. Managing Change and Innovation ........................................................................... 17
1.4.1. Types of Organizational Change ....................................................................... 17
1.4.2. Contemporary Issues in Managing Change ....................................................... 17
1.4.3. Stimulating Innovation ...................................................................................... 17
2. Planning ........................................................................................................................ 18
2.1. Foundations of Planning .......................................................................................... 19
2.1.1. Goals and Plans.................................................................................................. 19
2.1.2. Setting Goals and Developing Plans .................................................................. 20
2.1.3. Contemporary Issues in Planning ...................................................................... 20
2.2. Strategic Management ............................................................................................. 21
2.2.1. The strategic management process .................................................................... 21
2.2.2. Corporate Strategies ........................................................................................... 21
2.2.3. Competitive Strategies ....................................................................................... 22
2.2.4. Current Strategic Management Issues ............................................................... 22
3. Organizing .................................................................................................................... 23
3.1. Basic Organizational Design ................................................................................... 23
3.1.1. Designing Organizational Structure................................................................... 23
3.1.2. Traditional Organizational Design..................................................................... 24
3.2. Adaptive Organizational Design ............................................................................. 24
3.3. Managing Human Resources ................................................................................... 24
3.3.1. Managing Teams................................................................................................ 25
1
, 4. Leading.......................................................................................................................... 26
4.1. Understanding Individual Behavior ........................................................................ 26
4.1.1. Attitudes and Job Performance .......................................................................... 27
4.1.2. Personality ......................................................................................................... 28
4.1.3. Perception .......................................................................................................... 29
4.1.4. Learning ............................................................................................................. 30
4.2. Social Learning ........................................................................................................ 30
4.3. Managers and Communication ................................................................................ 32
4.3.1. Methods of Interpersonal Communication ........................................................ 32
4.3.2. Effective Interpersonal Communication ............................................................ 33
4.3.3. Organizational Communication ......................................................................... 33
4.3.4. Organizational Communication Networks ........................................................ 34
4.4. Motivating Employees............................................................................................. 35
4.4.1. Early Theories of Motivation ............................................................................. 35
4.4.2. Contemporary Theories of Motivation .............................................................. 36
4.5. Managers as Leaders ............................................................................................... 38
4.5.1. Early theories of leadership ............................................................................... 38
4.5.2. The three major contingency theories of leadership .......................................... 39
5. Controlling .................................................................................................................... 40
5.1. The Control Process................................................................................................. 41
5.2. Controlling for Organizational Performance ........................................................... 42
5.3. Tools for measuring Organizational Performance................................................... 42
5.4. Managing Operations .............................................................................................. 43
5.4.1. The Role of Operations Management ................................................................ 43
6. Planning Techniques.................................................................................................... 44
6.1. Techniques for Assessing the Environment ............................................................ 44
6.1.1. Environmental Scanning .................................................................................... 44
6.1.2. Forecasting ......................................................................................................... 45
6.1.3. Benchmarking .................................................................................................... 46
6.2. Techniques for Allocating Resources ...................................................................... 47
6.2.1. Budgeting ........................................................................................................... 47
6.2.2. Scheduling ......................................................................................................... 48
Chapter 3. Tools ..................................................................................................................... 49
1. Free Software Tools ..................................................................................................... 49
1.1. iDempiere Business Suites -Enterprise resource planning (ERP) ........................... 49
1.2. Apptivo .................................................................................................................... 52
1.3. Officebooks ............................................................................................................. 53
1.4. SoHoOS ................................................................................................................... 53
1.5. Zoho ......................................................................................................................... 53
Chapter 4. Case Studies for Management and Business Organization ............................. 55
Resourses ................................................................................................................................. 56
2
, CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
The first chapter will serve two purposes: The first is to equip you with the understanding you
will need of the main key terms you are going to be working with. However, you are not just
given definitions. The idea is to offer you a way of developing your own understanding of key
concepts and to be able to evaluate the meanings others attach to the terms you will meet.
Secondly, Section 1 discusses the background to the subject so that you can appreciate why
and how it has developed. The different influences on its development are important. At first
it may be difficult to see how this is relevant to your wanting to understand business and
management today, but the developments of today emerge from this background and are often
influenced by the major events and theories of the past.
This study adopts a gender perspective to analyze funding decisions made by an investment
fund that invests equity stakes in new ventures. Prior research has indicated thatthere is
gender skewness in risk capital investments resulting from a combination ofdemand- and
supply-side issues. We apply signaling theory to examine the interfacebetween demand and
supply to understand gender biases related to risk capital investments. In-depth analyses of
decision documents from four investment cases show thatgender plays a role in the signals
that are communicated in the prefunding entrepreneur investor relationship.
1. Background
Let’s think about the concept of ‘organisation’. Many definitions are possible, but most of
these include the characteristics of people, goals and structures. People are social beings and,
by and large, tend to cooperate in interdependent relationships to achieve common aims.
Originally people formed simple family and tribal structures. Today we have evolved into a
complex society characterised by large, formal and increasingly global structures. For our
purposes, then, we can define an organisation as: a social entity that provides the necessary
structures to achieve specific aims.
For our purposes in this subject guide, we will understand the term business to mean: a
commercial enterprise or establishment that trades in goods or services.
We can define the business organisation as: an entity that is both commercial and social,
which provides the necessary structures to achieve the central objective of trades in goods or
services.
3
