CHAPTER 1
HISTORIES & SCHOOLS OF COMMUNITY PYC
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Epistemological differences in understanding “community” ................................................... 1
• Mainstream modern PYC ............................................................................................................. 1
• Bio-medical model ......................................................................................................................... 2
• African PYC...................................................................................................................................... 2
• Critical approach – PYC ................................................................................................................ 2
• Critical African perspective on PYC ........................................................................................... 2
• Concept of community ...................................................................................................................... 3
• Defining community PYC ............................................................................................................. 3
• Global histories of community PYC................................................................................................ 4
• General overview of development of communities & PYC ................................................... 4
• International emergence & development of community PYC sub-discipline ................... 4
• History of community PYC in SA .................................................................................................... 4
• Function as value-free science &
EPISTEMOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN
political undertones.
UNDERSTANDING “COMMUNITY”
• Individualism = value that
• Epistemology = ways of viewing
dominates W culture.
reality/worldviews.
Wellbeing & progress of indiv =
Mainstream modern PYC put above groups &
• PYC = objective & universal communities.
science. • Self = seen as self-
• consider sex, race, culture & contained/independent indiv.
values & meanings of others • Disregards other cultural
understanding indiv. perspectives, values, etc.
• W culture believes knowledge Exclusively based worldview of
members of whit classes.
produced methods of science.
• Page | 1
•
, Bio-medical model Critical approach – PYC
• Closely aligned with W medicine. • Interested values & meaning &
• Focus = indiv as unit of analysis how influence knowledge.
& emphasises role of biological • Focus = “lived experiences” of
factors influencing & affecting people, including marginalised
human behaviour. people.
• PYC challenges = viewed as • Focus drives – addressing
brain diseases. problems: illiteracy,
disintegration of extended family
African PYC
systems, poverty & other social
• Organises world hierarchy of issues.
beings. • Critical PYC? basic foundations
• Ancestors play NB role. of mainstream PYC.
• Universe = seen as organic & • W approach value free, cater
ecological & distinction = for values formulated → middle-
made between nature & culture. & upper-class white males =
• Knowledge = gained participation essential – ideology of
& connecting, separation & capitalism.
abstraction. • ? Claim of science as value free.
• Life = viewed as communal & • ignore NB inclusion of
personhood (who person =) = observer/researcher for purpose
defined relation – community, of knowledge production.
Self. • Mainstream PYC promotes
• Parental responsibilities reside interest middle-class white males
with father, mother & extended society promotion &
family & community. implementation of own values.
Personhood = relationally Creates oppressive & neglecting
defined (ubuntu = humanity). environment for community &
• Indiv & communities = people.
interdependent.
Critical African perspective on PYC
• Perspectives = continuously
• Existence = concrete & particular
changing.
( universal).
• Page | 2
•
, • How cultural traditions & social Community PYC = only
practices can regulate, express & disadvantaged ( afford/access indiv
transform psyche. therapy)
• Sees self as • Community = seen as 3
collectivistic/interdependent self. dimensional (“onto-triadic strc of
• Self = defined i.t.o. relationships being”):
with others. 1. Visible community of living
• Criticises acculturation & here & now.
marginalisation of African & 2. Departed = believed –
other knowledge systems & has members of community
emancipatory aim – address (ancestors).
needs of society: HIV/Aids, 3. Yet-to-be-born.
illiteracy & poverty, etc. • 3 dimensions = interrelated.
• Sees culture & worldview as • 3-dimensional concept of
meaning system & community = NB
accommodates different understanding matters related –
worldviews. mental illness & treatment.
• PYCs = seen connected –
Defining community PYC
underlying metaphysical
• Different approaches aimed
ontologies
improving communities’
Order things – “good” & “bad”
conditions & PYCal being.
about conditions of life.
• 1def:
CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY Critical study of people context
• Community (thought) = poor, directed – common aim of
disadvantaged townships/rural improving community conditions
areas need of assistance. & promoting PYCal wellbeing.
• Furthered notion held → • Critical = continuous process
mainstream PYC that PYCal services includes self-reflection.
= meant for elite few and middle
class (afford) indiv services &
• Page | 3
•
, GLOBAL HISTORIES OF COMMUNITY • Each lead – establishment of
PYC particular types of institutions:
General overview of development 1. Moral treatment →
of communities & PYC Therapeutic mental health
hospitals
• Emerged as small travelling
2. Mental hygiene → Child
groups.
guidance clinics
3. De-institutionalisation →
• Kingdoms & empires.
Community health centres
International emergence & • Each movement represents
development of community PYC further move – treating mental
sub-discipline illness as social & indiv
problem
• Origins of community PYC as
sub-discipline = linked – mental • Move – prevention & cure.
health reform movements USA.
HISTORY OF COMMUNITY PYC IN SA
• Mental health reforms = tied –
• Community centred organisations
liberal & humanitarian scientific
& projects, major impact on SA
approaches – mental health,
communities (before 1980s):
social welfare & public policies.
❖ Black Community Programmes
• Care of mentally ill America &
(BCP)
other Wrn countries have
❖ SA Students Organisations
characterised → sporadic (SASO)
reforms & long periods of ❖ Theatre Council of Natal (TECON)
relative neglect.
• Organisations formed (early
• 3 NB reform movements: 1980s) contributed
1. “Moral treatment” (early
instrumentally establishment of
1800s)
community PYC SA:
2. “Mental hygiene” (early
❖ PYC & apartheid Group (PAG)
1900s)
❖ Organisation for Appropriate
3. “De-institutionalisation”
Social Services SA (OASSA)
(1960s)
• Page | 4
•
HISTORIES & SCHOOLS OF COMMUNITY PYC
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Epistemological differences in understanding “community” ................................................... 1
• Mainstream modern PYC ............................................................................................................. 1
• Bio-medical model ......................................................................................................................... 2
• African PYC...................................................................................................................................... 2
• Critical approach – PYC ................................................................................................................ 2
• Critical African perspective on PYC ........................................................................................... 2
• Concept of community ...................................................................................................................... 3
• Defining community PYC ............................................................................................................. 3
• Global histories of community PYC................................................................................................ 4
• General overview of development of communities & PYC ................................................... 4
• International emergence & development of community PYC sub-discipline ................... 4
• History of community PYC in SA .................................................................................................... 4
• Function as value-free science &
EPISTEMOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN
political undertones.
UNDERSTANDING “COMMUNITY”
• Individualism = value that
• Epistemology = ways of viewing
dominates W culture.
reality/worldviews.
Wellbeing & progress of indiv =
Mainstream modern PYC put above groups &
• PYC = objective & universal communities.
science. • Self = seen as self-
• consider sex, race, culture & contained/independent indiv.
values & meanings of others • Disregards other cultural
understanding indiv. perspectives, values, etc.
• W culture believes knowledge Exclusively based worldview of
members of whit classes.
produced methods of science.
• Page | 1
•
, Bio-medical model Critical approach – PYC
• Closely aligned with W medicine. • Interested values & meaning &
• Focus = indiv as unit of analysis how influence knowledge.
& emphasises role of biological • Focus = “lived experiences” of
factors influencing & affecting people, including marginalised
human behaviour. people.
• PYC challenges = viewed as • Focus drives – addressing
brain diseases. problems: illiteracy,
disintegration of extended family
African PYC
systems, poverty & other social
• Organises world hierarchy of issues.
beings. • Critical PYC? basic foundations
• Ancestors play NB role. of mainstream PYC.
• Universe = seen as organic & • W approach value free, cater
ecological & distinction = for values formulated → middle-
made between nature & culture. & upper-class white males =
• Knowledge = gained participation essential – ideology of
& connecting, separation & capitalism.
abstraction. • ? Claim of science as value free.
• Life = viewed as communal & • ignore NB inclusion of
personhood (who person =) = observer/researcher for purpose
defined relation – community, of knowledge production.
Self. • Mainstream PYC promotes
• Parental responsibilities reside interest middle-class white males
with father, mother & extended society promotion &
family & community. implementation of own values.
Personhood = relationally Creates oppressive & neglecting
defined (ubuntu = humanity). environment for community &
• Indiv & communities = people.
interdependent.
Critical African perspective on PYC
• Perspectives = continuously
• Existence = concrete & particular
changing.
( universal).
• Page | 2
•
, • How cultural traditions & social Community PYC = only
practices can regulate, express & disadvantaged ( afford/access indiv
transform psyche. therapy)
• Sees self as • Community = seen as 3
collectivistic/interdependent self. dimensional (“onto-triadic strc of
• Self = defined i.t.o. relationships being”):
with others. 1. Visible community of living
• Criticises acculturation & here & now.
marginalisation of African & 2. Departed = believed –
other knowledge systems & has members of community
emancipatory aim – address (ancestors).
needs of society: HIV/Aids, 3. Yet-to-be-born.
illiteracy & poverty, etc. • 3 dimensions = interrelated.
• Sees culture & worldview as • 3-dimensional concept of
meaning system & community = NB
accommodates different understanding matters related –
worldviews. mental illness & treatment.
• PYCs = seen connected –
Defining community PYC
underlying metaphysical
• Different approaches aimed
ontologies
improving communities’
Order things – “good” & “bad”
conditions & PYCal being.
about conditions of life.
• 1def:
CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY Critical study of people context
• Community (thought) = poor, directed – common aim of
disadvantaged townships/rural improving community conditions
areas need of assistance. & promoting PYCal wellbeing.
• Furthered notion held → • Critical = continuous process
mainstream PYC that PYCal services includes self-reflection.
= meant for elite few and middle
class (afford) indiv services &
• Page | 3
•
, GLOBAL HISTORIES OF COMMUNITY • Each lead – establishment of
PYC particular types of institutions:
General overview of development 1. Moral treatment →
of communities & PYC Therapeutic mental health
hospitals
• Emerged as small travelling
2. Mental hygiene → Child
groups.
guidance clinics
3. De-institutionalisation →
• Kingdoms & empires.
Community health centres
International emergence & • Each movement represents
development of community PYC further move – treating mental
sub-discipline illness as social & indiv
problem
• Origins of community PYC as
sub-discipline = linked – mental • Move – prevention & cure.
health reform movements USA.
HISTORY OF COMMUNITY PYC IN SA
• Mental health reforms = tied –
• Community centred organisations
liberal & humanitarian scientific
& projects, major impact on SA
approaches – mental health,
communities (before 1980s):
social welfare & public policies.
❖ Black Community Programmes
• Care of mentally ill America &
(BCP)
other Wrn countries have
❖ SA Students Organisations
characterised → sporadic (SASO)
reforms & long periods of ❖ Theatre Council of Natal (TECON)
relative neglect.
• Organisations formed (early
• 3 NB reform movements: 1980s) contributed
1. “Moral treatment” (early
instrumentally establishment of
1800s)
community PYC SA:
2. “Mental hygiene” (early
❖ PYC & apartheid Group (PAG)
1900s)
❖ Organisation for Appropriate
3. “De-institutionalisation”
Social Services SA (OASSA)
(1960s)
• Page | 4
•
