CHAPTER1
STUDYI
NGACHI
LD’
SWORLD
THESTUDYOFCHI
LDDEVELOPMENT:BASI
CCONCEPTS
THESTUDYOFCHI
LDDEVELOPMENT:THENANDNOW
•Chi
l
dDev
elopment→ Sci
ent
if
icst
udyofpr
ocessesofchange&st
abi
l
ity
i
nhumanchi
l
dren.
•Quant
ati
vechange→ Changei
nnumber
/amount
→ eghei
ght
,si
zeofv
ocabul
ary
,fr
equencyofcommuni
cat
ion
→ t
endst
obecont
inuous
•Qual
i
tat
ivechange→ Changei
nki
nd,
str
uct
ure&or
gani
zat
ion
→ Di
scont
inuous
→ Mar
kedbyt
heemer
genceofnewphenomena
t
hatcannotbeeasi
l
yant
ici
pat
ed
ont
hebasi
sofear
li
erf
unct
ioni
ng.
→ egchangef
rom non-
ver
bal
tov
erbal
communi
cat
ion
•Const
ancy→ Mostpeopl
eshowunder
lyi
ngst
abi
l
ityi
ncer
tai
naspect
s
EARLYAPPROACHES
,•BabyBi
ogr
aphi
es→ For
erunner
sofsci
ent
if
icst
udy
→ Jour
nal
srecor
dingt
hedev
elopmentofasi
ngl
echi
l
d
→ Specul
ati
venat
ure
•Dar
win→ 1stemphasi
zeddev
elopment
alnat
ureofi
nfantbehav
ior
→ Gav
ebabybi
ogr
aphi
essci
ent
if
icr
espect
abi
l
ity
p7
DOMAI
NSOFDEVELOPMENT
•Phy
sical
Dev
elopment→ Gr
owt
hofbody&br
ain
→ Dev
elopmentofsensor
ycapaci
ty&mot
orski
l
ls
→ Heal
th
•Cogni
ti
veDev
elopment→ Change&st
abi
l
ityi
nment
alabi
l
iti
es
egl
ear
ning,
memor
y,l
anguage,
thi
nki
ng,
mor
alr
easoni
ng,
creat
ivi
ty.
•Psy
chosoci
alDev
elopment→ Change&st
abi
l
ityi
nper
sonal
i
ty,
emot
ions&
soci
alr
elat
ionshi
ps.
Al
lthesei
nfl
uenceeachot
her
,I
NFLUENCESONDEVELOPMENT
HEREDI
TY,
ENVI
RONMENT&MATURATI
ON
•Her
edi
ty→ I
nbor
ntr
ait
sinher
it
edf
rom bi
ologi
cal
par
ent
s
•Env
ironment→ Wor
ldout
sidesel
f,begi
nni
ngi
nthewomb
→ Thel
ear
ningt
hatcomesf
rom ex
per
ience
I
ncl
udessoci
ali
zat
ion:
Thechi
l
d’si
nduct
ioni
ntot
hev
aluesy
stem ofacul
tur
e
•Mat
urat
ion→ Unf
oldi
ngofat
ypi
cal
,uni
ver
sal
,nat
ural
sequenceof
phy
sical
changes&behav
iorpat
ter
ns.
(
incl
udi
ngar
eadi
nesst
omast
ernewabi
l
iti
es)
→ Mat
urat
ional
processesacti
nconcer
twi
thher
edi
ty&t
heenv
ironment
CONTEXTSOFDEVELOPMENT
•Humanbei
ngsar
esoci
al→ Dev
elopi
nasoci
al&hi
stor
ical
cont
ext
•I
mmedi
atecont
ext→ Fami
l
y
→ Nei
ghbor
hood
→ Communi
ty
→ Soci
ety
p13
Fami
ly
, •Nucl
earFami
l
y→ 2-
gener
ati
onal
kinshi
p,economi
c&househol
duni
t
→ 1or2par
ent
swi
tht
hei
rbi
ologi
cal
/adopt
ed/
step-
chi
l
dren
→ Domi
nantuni
tinWest
ernsoci
eti
es
•Ext
endedFami
l
ies→ Mul
ti
gener
ati
onal
kinshi
pnet
wor
k
→ Adul
tsof
tenshar
ebr
eadwi
nni
ng&chi
l
drai
sing
→ Chi
l
drenar
eresponsi
blef
ory
oungersi
bli
ngs
→ Of
tenheadedbywomen
→ espi
nAsi
a,Af
ri
ca&Lat
in-
Amer
ica
Soci
oeconomi
cSt
atus(
SES)&Nei
ghbor
hood
•SES→ I
ncome,
educat
ion&occupat
ion
→ Rel
atedt
odev
elopment
alpr
ocesses&out
comes
→ Af
fect
sdev
elopment
alout
comesi
ndi
rect
ly,
thr
oughassoci
atedf
act
ors:
○Ki
ndsofhomes&nei
ghbor
hoods
○Qual
i
tyofNut
ri
ti
on,
medi
cal
car
e,super
visi
on&school
i
ng
○Av
ail
abl
eoppor
tuni
ti
es
•Pov
ert
y→ Har
mful
tophy
sical
,cogni
ti
ve&psy
chosoci
alwel
l
-bei
ng
→ Ki
dsmor
eli
kel
ytohav
eemot
ional
&behav
ior
alpr
obl
ems
→ Cogni
ti
vepot
ent
ial
&school
per
for
mancesuf
fer
s
→ Har
m canbei
ndi
rectv
iaemot
ional
stat
eofpar
ent
s&par
ent
ingpr
act
ices
•Ri
chki
ds→ Underpr
essur
etoachi
eve&of
tenunsuper
vised
STUDYI
NGACHI
LD’
SWORLD
THESTUDYOFCHI
LDDEVELOPMENT:BASI
CCONCEPTS
THESTUDYOFCHI
LDDEVELOPMENT:THENANDNOW
•Chi
l
dDev
elopment→ Sci
ent
if
icst
udyofpr
ocessesofchange&st
abi
l
ity
i
nhumanchi
l
dren.
•Quant
ati
vechange→ Changei
nnumber
/amount
→ eghei
ght
,si
zeofv
ocabul
ary
,fr
equencyofcommuni
cat
ion
→ t
endst
obecont
inuous
•Qual
i
tat
ivechange→ Changei
nki
nd,
str
uct
ure&or
gani
zat
ion
→ Di
scont
inuous
→ Mar
kedbyt
heemer
genceofnewphenomena
t
hatcannotbeeasi
l
yant
ici
pat
ed
ont
hebasi
sofear
li
erf
unct
ioni
ng.
→ egchangef
rom non-
ver
bal
tov
erbal
communi
cat
ion
•Const
ancy→ Mostpeopl
eshowunder
lyi
ngst
abi
l
ityi
ncer
tai
naspect
s
EARLYAPPROACHES
,•BabyBi
ogr
aphi
es→ For
erunner
sofsci
ent
if
icst
udy
→ Jour
nal
srecor
dingt
hedev
elopmentofasi
ngl
echi
l
d
→ Specul
ati
venat
ure
•Dar
win→ 1stemphasi
zeddev
elopment
alnat
ureofi
nfantbehav
ior
→ Gav
ebabybi
ogr
aphi
essci
ent
if
icr
espect
abi
l
ity
p7
DOMAI
NSOFDEVELOPMENT
•Phy
sical
Dev
elopment→ Gr
owt
hofbody&br
ain
→ Dev
elopmentofsensor
ycapaci
ty&mot
orski
l
ls
→ Heal
th
•Cogni
ti
veDev
elopment→ Change&st
abi
l
ityi
nment
alabi
l
iti
es
egl
ear
ning,
memor
y,l
anguage,
thi
nki
ng,
mor
alr
easoni
ng,
creat
ivi
ty.
•Psy
chosoci
alDev
elopment→ Change&st
abi
l
ityi
nper
sonal
i
ty,
emot
ions&
soci
alr
elat
ionshi
ps.
Al
lthesei
nfl
uenceeachot
her
,I
NFLUENCESONDEVELOPMENT
HEREDI
TY,
ENVI
RONMENT&MATURATI
ON
•Her
edi
ty→ I
nbor
ntr
ait
sinher
it
edf
rom bi
ologi
cal
par
ent
s
•Env
ironment→ Wor
ldout
sidesel
f,begi
nni
ngi
nthewomb
→ Thel
ear
ningt
hatcomesf
rom ex
per
ience
I
ncl
udessoci
ali
zat
ion:
Thechi
l
d’si
nduct
ioni
ntot
hev
aluesy
stem ofacul
tur
e
•Mat
urat
ion→ Unf
oldi
ngofat
ypi
cal
,uni
ver
sal
,nat
ural
sequenceof
phy
sical
changes&behav
iorpat
ter
ns.
(
incl
udi
ngar
eadi
nesst
omast
ernewabi
l
iti
es)
→ Mat
urat
ional
processesacti
nconcer
twi
thher
edi
ty&t
heenv
ironment
CONTEXTSOFDEVELOPMENT
•Humanbei
ngsar
esoci
al→ Dev
elopi
nasoci
al&hi
stor
ical
cont
ext
•I
mmedi
atecont
ext→ Fami
l
y
→ Nei
ghbor
hood
→ Communi
ty
→ Soci
ety
p13
Fami
ly
, •Nucl
earFami
l
y→ 2-
gener
ati
onal
kinshi
p,economi
c&househol
duni
t
→ 1or2par
ent
swi
tht
hei
rbi
ologi
cal
/adopt
ed/
step-
chi
l
dren
→ Domi
nantuni
tinWest
ernsoci
eti
es
•Ext
endedFami
l
ies→ Mul
ti
gener
ati
onal
kinshi
pnet
wor
k
→ Adul
tsof
tenshar
ebr
eadwi
nni
ng&chi
l
drai
sing
→ Chi
l
drenar
eresponsi
blef
ory
oungersi
bli
ngs
→ Of
tenheadedbywomen
→ espi
nAsi
a,Af
ri
ca&Lat
in-
Amer
ica
Soci
oeconomi
cSt
atus(
SES)&Nei
ghbor
hood
•SES→ I
ncome,
educat
ion&occupat
ion
→ Rel
atedt
odev
elopment
alpr
ocesses&out
comes
→ Af
fect
sdev
elopment
alout
comesi
ndi
rect
ly,
thr
oughassoci
atedf
act
ors:
○Ki
ndsofhomes&nei
ghbor
hoods
○Qual
i
tyofNut
ri
ti
on,
medi
cal
car
e,super
visi
on&school
i
ng
○Av
ail
abl
eoppor
tuni
ti
es
•Pov
ert
y→ Har
mful
tophy
sical
,cogni
ti
ve&psy
chosoci
alwel
l
-bei
ng
→ Ki
dsmor
eli
kel
ytohav
eemot
ional
&behav
ior
alpr
obl
ems
→ Cogni
ti
vepot
ent
ial
&school
per
for
mancesuf
fer
s
→ Har
m canbei
ndi
rectv
iaemot
ional
stat
eofpar
ent
s&par
ent
ingpr
act
ices
•Ri
chki
ds→ Underpr
essur
etoachi
eve&of
tenunsuper
vised
