51. In the 1992 studies conducted by Baxter and colleagues, patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD) were provided with cognitive-behavioural therapy but no drugs. What important result did the
brain imaging show?
a. Neither OCD symptoms nor neurotransmitter function had improved.
b. Neurotransmitter circuits are the direct and only cause of OCD.
c. The patients’ OCD symptoms improved without changes in neurotransmitter function.
d. The neurotransmitter circuits of the brain had been normalized.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 51 BLM: Remember
52. What has brain imaging research revealed about cognitive-behavioural therapy?
a. Psychosocial factors such as therapy can affect neurotransmitter activity.
b. Drugs are the most essential means to alter faulty neurotransmitter circuits.
c. Neurotransmitters affect how people feel and act.
d. Neurotransmitters are a result of how people feel and act, not a cause.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 51 BLM: Remember
53. Dr. Tracy conducts an experiment where participants are given a mild shock followed by either a
placebo or an opioid. When Dr. Tracy asks participants about pain relief and studies pain-related areas
of their brains, what will Dr. Tracy find?
a. Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, but only the opioid affected the region
responsible for the control of the pain response in the brain.
b. The placebo reduced pain but didn’t relieve pain as well as the opioid drug.
c. Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, and they affected similar regions in the
brain stem.
d. Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, but they affected completely different
regions in the brain.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 52 BLM: Higher Order
54. In their study comparing a placebo to opioid drugs, what did Petrovic and colleagues (2002) conclude?
a. Psychological factors can affect brain function.
b. Drugs should not be prescribed for most painful conditions.
c. Pain is more of a psychological phenomenon than it is physical.
d. Opioid drugs may relieve pain only through the expectation of pain relief.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 52 BLM: Higher Order
55. Insel and colleagues (1988) raised two groups of rhesus monkeys. One group had the ability to control
their environment, while the other group had no control. What happened when the monkeys were
injected with a drug that produced a feeling of severe anxiety?
a. The monkeys raised with a sense of control were calm, while the monkeys raised without a
sense of control appeared very anxious.
b. The monkeys raised with a sense of control appeared angry and aggressive, while the
monkeys raised without a sense of control appeared very anxious.
c. The monkeys raised with a sense of control appeared anxious, while the monkeys raised
without a sense of control appeared angry and aggressive.
d. The monkeys in both groups appeared angry and aggressive.
, ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 52 BLM: Remember
56. Insel and colleagues (1988) conducted a study in which rhesus monkeys were raised either with a
sense of control or without a sense of control, and they were later exposed to an anxiety-inducing drug.
What did the researchers conclude?
a. Chemicals such as neurotransmitters influence behaviour in different ways depending upon
the psychological history of the individual.
b. Chemicals such as neurotransmitters may have little or no effect on behaviours related to
anxiety.
c. Chemicals such as neurotransmitters have only indirect effects on behaviour.
d. Chemicals such as neurotransmitters have few reliable and consistent effects on observed
behaviour.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 52 BLM: Higher Order
57. Which of the following describes the research results of Greenough, Withers, and Wallace (1990)?
a. Genetically caused brain structure problems can be corrected by positive life experiences.
b. While psychopathology is often a result of early life experiences, it is generally due to the
physical changes in the brain caused by such experiences.
c. Psychopathology is the result of early learning experiences.
d. Early experiences such as learning cause physical changes in the brain.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 53 BLM: Higher Order
58. Which of the following can be concluded from the studies regarding rat learning and brain structure
done by Greenough, Withers, and Wallace (1990)?
a. Early psychological experience has little to do with brain structure or later development of
psychopathology.
b. Early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and will
determine whether the individual will develop a psychological disorder later in life.
c. Early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and
influences vulnerability to psychological disorders later in life.
d. Early psychological experience does not result in physical changes to the nervous system
but can still influence whether or not one develops a psychological disorder.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 53 BLM: Higher Order
59. Greenough, Withers, and Wallace (1990) compared the brains of rats raised in a rich environment
requiring lots of learning and motor behaviour with the brains of rats raised as “couch potatoes.” What
did the researchers find regarding the cerebellums of the more active rats?
a. They contained more neuronal connections and dendrites.
b. They contained more serotonin receptors.
c. They contained a greater number of axons and norepinephrine circuits.
d. They were less likely to possess pathological neurotransmitter circuits.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 55 BLM: Remember
, 60. How does recent research evidence describe the relationship between the brain (structure, function,
neurotransmitters) and psychosocial factors (socialization, rearing, life events)?
a. It is a system in which the brain directly influences behaviour and psychosocial factors but
not the other way around.
b. It is system of interchanges that are far too complex to fully capture with present-day
neurological technologies.
c. It is an interaction in which the brain affects psychosocial factors and psychosocial factors
affect the brain.
d. It is a system in which behaviour and psychosocial factors affect the brain but not the other
way around.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 53–54 BLM: Higher Order
61. Which of the following can be created by placing a rat in a cage where occasionally electrical shocks
are administered through the floor, over which the rat has no control?
a. unconscious learning
b. operant conditioning
c. stimulus generalization
d. learned helplessness
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 54–55 BLM: Higher Order
62. It is important to understand the process of how learned helplessness is created in laboratory animals
because learned helplessness in animals resembles a psychological disorder in humans. What is this
disorder?
a. mania
b. depression
c. schizophrenia
d. generalized anxiety disorder
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 55 BLM: Higher Order
63. Terri believes that no matter how hard she studies, she will never succeed in college. What does this
example illustrate?
a. learned helplessness
b. unconscious learning
c. negative reinforcement
d. vicarious learning
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 55 BLM: Higher Order
64. What term did Seligman coin to refer to people’s tendency to display a positive, upbeat attitude even
when they are faced with considerable stress and difficulty in their lives?
a. positive attribution
b. resilience
c. optimistic coping style
d. learned optimism
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 55 BLM: Higher Order
(OCD) were provided with cognitive-behavioural therapy but no drugs. What important result did the
brain imaging show?
a. Neither OCD symptoms nor neurotransmitter function had improved.
b. Neurotransmitter circuits are the direct and only cause of OCD.
c. The patients’ OCD symptoms improved without changes in neurotransmitter function.
d. The neurotransmitter circuits of the brain had been normalized.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 51 BLM: Remember
52. What has brain imaging research revealed about cognitive-behavioural therapy?
a. Psychosocial factors such as therapy can affect neurotransmitter activity.
b. Drugs are the most essential means to alter faulty neurotransmitter circuits.
c. Neurotransmitters affect how people feel and act.
d. Neurotransmitters are a result of how people feel and act, not a cause.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 51 BLM: Remember
53. Dr. Tracy conducts an experiment where participants are given a mild shock followed by either a
placebo or an opioid. When Dr. Tracy asks participants about pain relief and studies pain-related areas
of their brains, what will Dr. Tracy find?
a. Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, but only the opioid affected the region
responsible for the control of the pain response in the brain.
b. The placebo reduced pain but didn’t relieve pain as well as the opioid drug.
c. Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, and they affected similar regions in the
brain stem.
d. Both the placebo and the opioid drug relieved pain, but they affected completely different
regions in the brain.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 52 BLM: Higher Order
54. In their study comparing a placebo to opioid drugs, what did Petrovic and colleagues (2002) conclude?
a. Psychological factors can affect brain function.
b. Drugs should not be prescribed for most painful conditions.
c. Pain is more of a psychological phenomenon than it is physical.
d. Opioid drugs may relieve pain only through the expectation of pain relief.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 52 BLM: Higher Order
55. Insel and colleagues (1988) raised two groups of rhesus monkeys. One group had the ability to control
their environment, while the other group had no control. What happened when the monkeys were
injected with a drug that produced a feeling of severe anxiety?
a. The monkeys raised with a sense of control were calm, while the monkeys raised without a
sense of control appeared very anxious.
b. The monkeys raised with a sense of control appeared angry and aggressive, while the
monkeys raised without a sense of control appeared very anxious.
c. The monkeys raised with a sense of control appeared anxious, while the monkeys raised
without a sense of control appeared angry and aggressive.
d. The monkeys in both groups appeared angry and aggressive.
, ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 52 BLM: Remember
56. Insel and colleagues (1988) conducted a study in which rhesus monkeys were raised either with a
sense of control or without a sense of control, and they were later exposed to an anxiety-inducing drug.
What did the researchers conclude?
a. Chemicals such as neurotransmitters influence behaviour in different ways depending upon
the psychological history of the individual.
b. Chemicals such as neurotransmitters may have little or no effect on behaviours related to
anxiety.
c. Chemicals such as neurotransmitters have only indirect effects on behaviour.
d. Chemicals such as neurotransmitters have few reliable and consistent effects on observed
behaviour.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 52 BLM: Higher Order
57. Which of the following describes the research results of Greenough, Withers, and Wallace (1990)?
a. Genetically caused brain structure problems can be corrected by positive life experiences.
b. While psychopathology is often a result of early life experiences, it is generally due to the
physical changes in the brain caused by such experiences.
c. Psychopathology is the result of early learning experiences.
d. Early experiences such as learning cause physical changes in the brain.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 53 BLM: Higher Order
58. Which of the following can be concluded from the studies regarding rat learning and brain structure
done by Greenough, Withers, and Wallace (1990)?
a. Early psychological experience has little to do with brain structure or later development of
psychopathology.
b. Early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and will
determine whether the individual will develop a psychological disorder later in life.
c. Early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and
influences vulnerability to psychological disorders later in life.
d. Early psychological experience does not result in physical changes to the nervous system
but can still influence whether or not one develops a psychological disorder.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 53 BLM: Higher Order
59. Greenough, Withers, and Wallace (1990) compared the brains of rats raised in a rich environment
requiring lots of learning and motor behaviour with the brains of rats raised as “couch potatoes.” What
did the researchers find regarding the cerebellums of the more active rats?
a. They contained more neuronal connections and dendrites.
b. They contained more serotonin receptors.
c. They contained a greater number of axons and norepinephrine circuits.
d. They were less likely to possess pathological neurotransmitter circuits.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 55 BLM: Remember
, 60. How does recent research evidence describe the relationship between the brain (structure, function,
neurotransmitters) and psychosocial factors (socialization, rearing, life events)?
a. It is a system in which the brain directly influences behaviour and psychosocial factors but
not the other way around.
b. It is system of interchanges that are far too complex to fully capture with present-day
neurological technologies.
c. It is an interaction in which the brain affects psychosocial factors and psychosocial factors
affect the brain.
d. It is a system in which behaviour and psychosocial factors affect the brain but not the other
way around.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 53–54 BLM: Higher Order
61. Which of the following can be created by placing a rat in a cage where occasionally electrical shocks
are administered through the floor, over which the rat has no control?
a. unconscious learning
b. operant conditioning
c. stimulus generalization
d. learned helplessness
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 54–55 BLM: Higher Order
62. It is important to understand the process of how learned helplessness is created in laboratory animals
because learned helplessness in animals resembles a psychological disorder in humans. What is this
disorder?
a. mania
b. depression
c. schizophrenia
d. generalized anxiety disorder
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 55 BLM: Higher Order
63. Terri believes that no matter how hard she studies, she will never succeed in college. What does this
example illustrate?
a. learned helplessness
b. unconscious learning
c. negative reinforcement
d. vicarious learning
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 55 BLM: Higher Order
64. What term did Seligman coin to refer to people’s tendency to display a positive, upbeat attitude even
when they are faced with considerable stress and difficulty in their lives?
a. positive attribution
b. resilience
c. optimistic coping style
d. learned optimism
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 55 BLM: Higher Order
