1
IMAGES: Canva and AI-generated images based on typical examination-style questions. SACAI Grade 11 History, November 2021, Paper 2. SACAI
Grade 11 History, November 2022, Paper 2. SACAI Grade 11 History, November 2023, Paper 2. Eastern Cape Grade 11 History Term 3 Standardised
Test, 2023. Other SACAI Grade 11 History tests, source booklets and memorandums used for examination-style practice
Important:
These study notes are revised and updated annually to align with the CAPS curriculum
and current examination requirements. The content is based on past examination
papers, tests and typical assessment question patterns.
The content was adapted and structured for examination preparation purposes. AI tools
were used to assist with formatting, rephrasing and differentiation.
These notes are designed to help learners:
• Understand key concepts
• Practise exam-style questions
• Identify important themes and patterns in assessments
• Revise important content in a structured way
To ensure learners work with the most relevant and up-to-date content, parents and
learners are encouraged to confirm that they are using the latest version of the notes. If
you are unsure whether you have the latest version, please feel free to contact me
at:
Please note that these notes are compiled as a structured study aid for examination
preparation. They do not replace the prescribed textbook or classroom instruction.
Important: Learners can use the Term 3 notes for focused Term 3 preparation.
Where applicable, it is also recommended that learners revise Term 1 and Term 2
notes together with the Term 3 notes.
Good luck
Juffrou Ansie
, 2
Contents
SECTION A: SEGREGATION IN SOUTH AFRICA DURING THE 1920s AND 1930s .................. 3
1. Background to segregation in South Africa ............................................................... 3
2. The global pervasiveness of racism and segregation during the 1920s and 1930s ....... 8
3. Segregation after the formation of the Union of South Africa...................................... 9
4. Challenges experienced by Indian South Africans .................................................. 13
5. Coloured resistance to segregation ....................................................................... 15
6. Black resistance to segregation ............................................................................. 17
7. The National Party victory of 1948 ......................................................................... 21
SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS: SEGREGATION AND THE NATIONAL PARTY VICTORY OF 1948 25
SOURCE A: SEGREGATION AFTER THE FORMATION OF THE UNION .................................... 25
SOURCE B: THE ECONOMIC UPLIFTMENT OF AFRIKANERS ................................................ 27
SOURCE C: CULTURAL UNITY AND THE GREAT TREK CENTENARY....................................... 28
SOURCE D: THE NATIONAL PARTY’S 1948 ELECTION CAMPAIGN ........................................ 29
COMPARISON OF SOURCES A AND D ............................................................................... 31
PARAGRAPH QUESTION ................................................................................................... 31
SECTION B: LEGALISING APARTHEID ............................................................................ 32
1. WHAT WAS APARTHEID? ........................................................................................ 32
2. HOW DID APARTHEID DIFFER FROM SEGREGATION?............................................... 33
3. WHY DID THE NATIONAL PARTY ADOPT APARTHEID? ............................................... 35
4. THE CREATION OF THE APARTHEID STATE ............................................................... 38
5. APARTHEID LAWS .................................................................................................. 39
6. LAWS AGAINST MULTIRACIAL LABOUR ORGANISATIONS ......................................... 41
7. THE BANNING OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF SOUTH AFRICA ................................ 43
SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS: LEGALISING APARTHEID ............................................... 44
SOURCE A: THE MEANING AND PURPOSE OF APARTHEID ................................................ 44
SOURCE B: APARTHEID LEGISLATION AND RACIAL CONTROL .......................................... 46
SOURCE C: LABOUR ORGANISATIONS AND POLITICAL OPPOSITION ................................ 47
SOURCE D: VISUAL SOURCE ON PASS CONTROL ............................................................ 49
PARAGRAPH QUESTION ................................................................................................. 51
ESSAY QUESTIONS .................................................................................................... 52
Structure for each essay ................................................................................................. 52
, 3
1. HOW SEGREGATION LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR APARTHEID ................................. 53
2. THE EXPERIENCES AND RESISTANCE OF INDIAN, COLOURED AND BLACK SOUTH
AFRICANS UNDER SEGREGATION .......................................................................... 53
3. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE NATIONAL PARTY’S VICTORY IN 1948............. 58
4. WHY THE NATIONAL PARTY ADOPTED APARTHEID ................................................... 60
5. HOW THE NATIONAL PARTY LEGALISED APARTHEID AND CREATED THE APARTHEID
STATE .................................................................................................................... 62
SECTION A: SEGREGATION IN SOUTH AFRICA DURING THE
AND 1930s
1. Background to segregation in South Africa
What was segregation?
Segregation was the separation and
unequal treatment of people according to
race.
In South Africa, segregation was used to
protect white political, economic and
social power. It restricted where Black,
Coloured and Indian South Africans could
live, work, own land and participate in
politics.
Segregation did not begin in 1948. It
developed over many years and became firmly established after the formation of the
Union of South Africa in 1910.
The National Party later expanded and systematised these earlier segregation policies
when it introduced formal apartheid after its election victory in 1948.
Important concept
Segregation: A system in which racial groups are separated and treated unequally in
areas such as land ownership, residence, employment and political rights.
The formation of the Union of South Africa SACAI November 2021, Paper 2 – Source-based Question 1
The Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910. It united four former
colonies under one central government:
• the Cape Colony
• Natal
• the Transvaal
• the Orange River Colony
, 4
The new Union was governed mainly in the interests of white South Africans. Political
authority was placed in the hands of a white-controlled Parliament and government.
In most of South Africa, voting rights were limited to white men. In the Cape, a small
number of Black and Coloured men who met property and educational qualifications
remained on the common voters’ roll for a limited period.
The creation of the Union therefore strengthened white minority rule while excluding
most Black, Coloured and Indian South Africans from meaningful political power.
Effects of the formation of the Union
• White South Africans controlled Parliament and government.
• Most Black, Coloured and Indian South Africans could not vote.
• The government passed laws that protected white political and economic
interests.
• Racial separation became more firmly established.
• Black South Africans were increasingly treated as labourers rather than
equal citizens.
• The state gained greater control over land, labour and movement.
Why was segregation introduced? SACAI November 2021, Paper 2
White-controlled governments used segregation for several connected purposes.
1. To maintain white minority rule
White South Africans formed a minority of the population. Segregation prevented
the Black majority from gaining equal voting rights and political power.
2. To control Black labour
• South African mines, farms and industries depended on large numbers of
low-paid Black workers.
• The government used labour laws, pass controls and residential
restrictions to regulate where Black workers could live and work.
3. To protect white workers
• White workers feared competition from lower-paid Black workers.
• The government therefore protected white workers through job
reservation, minimum wages for selected white workers and sheltered
employment in government institutions.
• During the Pact government years, white workers received greater
protection from Black competition while Black workers continued to
experience low wages and limited opportunities.
4. To protect white land ownership
• Most productive land was reserved for white ownership.
• Black South Africans were restricted to designated reserves or forced to
work on white-owned farms, mines and in towns.
5. To limit permanent Black urbanisation
IMAGES: Canva and AI-generated images based on typical examination-style questions. SACAI Grade 11 History, November 2021, Paper 2. SACAI
Grade 11 History, November 2022, Paper 2. SACAI Grade 11 History, November 2023, Paper 2. Eastern Cape Grade 11 History Term 3 Standardised
Test, 2023. Other SACAI Grade 11 History tests, source booklets and memorandums used for examination-style practice
Important:
These study notes are revised and updated annually to align with the CAPS curriculum
and current examination requirements. The content is based on past examination
papers, tests and typical assessment question patterns.
The content was adapted and structured for examination preparation purposes. AI tools
were used to assist with formatting, rephrasing and differentiation.
These notes are designed to help learners:
• Understand key concepts
• Practise exam-style questions
• Identify important themes and patterns in assessments
• Revise important content in a structured way
To ensure learners work with the most relevant and up-to-date content, parents and
learners are encouraged to confirm that they are using the latest version of the notes. If
you are unsure whether you have the latest version, please feel free to contact me
at:
Please note that these notes are compiled as a structured study aid for examination
preparation. They do not replace the prescribed textbook or classroom instruction.
Important: Learners can use the Term 3 notes for focused Term 3 preparation.
Where applicable, it is also recommended that learners revise Term 1 and Term 2
notes together with the Term 3 notes.
Good luck
Juffrou Ansie
, 2
Contents
SECTION A: SEGREGATION IN SOUTH AFRICA DURING THE 1920s AND 1930s .................. 3
1. Background to segregation in South Africa ............................................................... 3
2. The global pervasiveness of racism and segregation during the 1920s and 1930s ....... 8
3. Segregation after the formation of the Union of South Africa...................................... 9
4. Challenges experienced by Indian South Africans .................................................. 13
5. Coloured resistance to segregation ....................................................................... 15
6. Black resistance to segregation ............................................................................. 17
7. The National Party victory of 1948 ......................................................................... 21
SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS: SEGREGATION AND THE NATIONAL PARTY VICTORY OF 1948 25
SOURCE A: SEGREGATION AFTER THE FORMATION OF THE UNION .................................... 25
SOURCE B: THE ECONOMIC UPLIFTMENT OF AFRIKANERS ................................................ 27
SOURCE C: CULTURAL UNITY AND THE GREAT TREK CENTENARY....................................... 28
SOURCE D: THE NATIONAL PARTY’S 1948 ELECTION CAMPAIGN ........................................ 29
COMPARISON OF SOURCES A AND D ............................................................................... 31
PARAGRAPH QUESTION ................................................................................................... 31
SECTION B: LEGALISING APARTHEID ............................................................................ 32
1. WHAT WAS APARTHEID? ........................................................................................ 32
2. HOW DID APARTHEID DIFFER FROM SEGREGATION?............................................... 33
3. WHY DID THE NATIONAL PARTY ADOPT APARTHEID? ............................................... 35
4. THE CREATION OF THE APARTHEID STATE ............................................................... 38
5. APARTHEID LAWS .................................................................................................. 39
6. LAWS AGAINST MULTIRACIAL LABOUR ORGANISATIONS ......................................... 41
7. THE BANNING OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF SOUTH AFRICA ................................ 43
SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS: LEGALISING APARTHEID ............................................... 44
SOURCE A: THE MEANING AND PURPOSE OF APARTHEID ................................................ 44
SOURCE B: APARTHEID LEGISLATION AND RACIAL CONTROL .......................................... 46
SOURCE C: LABOUR ORGANISATIONS AND POLITICAL OPPOSITION ................................ 47
SOURCE D: VISUAL SOURCE ON PASS CONTROL ............................................................ 49
PARAGRAPH QUESTION ................................................................................................. 51
ESSAY QUESTIONS .................................................................................................... 52
Structure for each essay ................................................................................................. 52
, 3
1. HOW SEGREGATION LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR APARTHEID ................................. 53
2. THE EXPERIENCES AND RESISTANCE OF INDIAN, COLOURED AND BLACK SOUTH
AFRICANS UNDER SEGREGATION .......................................................................... 53
3. FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE NATIONAL PARTY’S VICTORY IN 1948............. 58
4. WHY THE NATIONAL PARTY ADOPTED APARTHEID ................................................... 60
5. HOW THE NATIONAL PARTY LEGALISED APARTHEID AND CREATED THE APARTHEID
STATE .................................................................................................................... 62
SECTION A: SEGREGATION IN SOUTH AFRICA DURING THE
AND 1930s
1. Background to segregation in South Africa
What was segregation?
Segregation was the separation and
unequal treatment of people according to
race.
In South Africa, segregation was used to
protect white political, economic and
social power. It restricted where Black,
Coloured and Indian South Africans could
live, work, own land and participate in
politics.
Segregation did not begin in 1948. It
developed over many years and became firmly established after the formation of the
Union of South Africa in 1910.
The National Party later expanded and systematised these earlier segregation policies
when it introduced formal apartheid after its election victory in 1948.
Important concept
Segregation: A system in which racial groups are separated and treated unequally in
areas such as land ownership, residence, employment and political rights.
The formation of the Union of South Africa SACAI November 2021, Paper 2 – Source-based Question 1
The Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910. It united four former
colonies under one central government:
• the Cape Colony
• Natal
• the Transvaal
• the Orange River Colony
, 4
The new Union was governed mainly in the interests of white South Africans. Political
authority was placed in the hands of a white-controlled Parliament and government.
In most of South Africa, voting rights were limited to white men. In the Cape, a small
number of Black and Coloured men who met property and educational qualifications
remained on the common voters’ roll for a limited period.
The creation of the Union therefore strengthened white minority rule while excluding
most Black, Coloured and Indian South Africans from meaningful political power.
Effects of the formation of the Union
• White South Africans controlled Parliament and government.
• Most Black, Coloured and Indian South Africans could not vote.
• The government passed laws that protected white political and economic
interests.
• Racial separation became more firmly established.
• Black South Africans were increasingly treated as labourers rather than
equal citizens.
• The state gained greater control over land, labour and movement.
Why was segregation introduced? SACAI November 2021, Paper 2
White-controlled governments used segregation for several connected purposes.
1. To maintain white minority rule
White South Africans formed a minority of the population. Segregation prevented
the Black majority from gaining equal voting rights and political power.
2. To control Black labour
• South African mines, farms and industries depended on large numbers of
low-paid Black workers.
• The government used labour laws, pass controls and residential
restrictions to regulate where Black workers could live and work.
3. To protect white workers
• White workers feared competition from lower-paid Black workers.
• The government therefore protected white workers through job
reservation, minimum wages for selected white workers and sheltered
employment in government institutions.
• During the Pact government years, white workers received greater
protection from Black competition while Black workers continued to
experience low wages and limited opportunities.
4. To protect white land ownership
• Most productive land was reserved for white ownership.
• Black South Africans were restricted to designated reserves or forced to
work on white-owned farms, mines and in towns.
5. To limit permanent Black urbanisation
