UPDATED EXAM SCRIPT 2026 TEST
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ cladistics.
Answer: grouping organisms based on shared derived traits
◉ cladogram.
Answer: diagram showing evolutionary relationships
◉ branches:.
Answer: groups of organisms
◉ nodes:.
Answer: common ancestors
◉ tips:.
Answer: species
◉ each branch point = speciation event (does not show exact time).
Answer: ...
, ◉ derived traits.
Answer: traits that evolved in a group (not in ancestor)
◉ outgrip.
Answer: least related organism
◉ parsimony.
Answer: simplest evolutionary pathway
◉ monophyletic (clade).
Answer: ancestor + ALL descendants
◉ paraphyletic.
Answer: missing some descendants
◉ polyphyletic.
Answer: incorrect grouping (not based on ancestry)
◉ MODULE 11 biodiversity.
Answer: ...
◉ Biodiversity.
Answer: variety of life on earth