Patho Exam 1 Questions with
Accurate Solutions
Physiologic Hypertrophy - ANSWER-hypertrophy of myocardial cells secondary to
endurance training
Pathologic Hypertrophy - ANSWER-hypertrophy of myocardial cells secondary to
HTN
Hyperplasia - ANSWER-increase in number of cells
Compensatory Hyperplasia - ANSWER-liver regenerates in 2 weeks after 70% is
removed
Pathologic Hyperplasia - ANSWER-endometrial hyperplasia
Metaplasia - ANSWER-Replacement of cells
Example: normal columnar ciliated cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced
by stratified squamous epithelial cells. CAN BE REVERSED IF IRRITANT STOPS
Cellular Metabolism - ANSWER-ATP functions as the energy transferring molecule
(Very important).
Ischemia effects on ATP - ANSWER-A reduction in ATP levels causes the plamsa
membrane's Na+/K+ pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an
intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of
the cell. Sodium and water then enter the cell freely - causing cellular swelling.
Sodium-Potassium Pump - ANSWER-Three Na+ ions bind to the sodium-binding
sites on carrier's inner face, at the same time, an energy-containing ATP molecule
produced by the mitochondria binds to the carrier. The ATP dissociates, transferring
its stored energy to the carrier and the carrier then changes shape. The 3 Na+ ions
are then released to the outside of the cell and 2 K+ ions are attracted to potassium
binding sites. The carrier returns to its original shape and releases the two K+ ions
and remaining ATP inside the cell.
Free Radical - ANSWER-An electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having
an unpaired electron. To stabilize, the free radical gives up an electron to another
molecule or steals one, causing injurious chemical bonds with proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates which are key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - ANSWER-ROS play a major role in the initiation
of cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension,
ischemic heart disease and chronic heart failure.
Cellular Injury and Lysosome Leakage - ANSWER-Lysosomes cause enzymatic
digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus - halting
synthesis of DNA and RNA
, Cellular Injury and Ethanol - ANSWER-Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol into
acetyldehyde, which causes hepatic cellular disfunction. Peroxisomes help detoxify
ethanol - if they are not functioning properly, the ethanol is turned to fat (fatty liver).
Cellular Injury and Radiation - ANSWER-Ionizing radiation is any form of radiation
capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms, resulting in the production of
negatively charged free electrons and positively charged ionized atoms. Damages
DNA - BAD!
Aging and Cells/Tissues - ANSWER--Muscular Atrophy (sarcopenia)
-Increased peripheral vascular resistance
-Decreased production of HCL and delayed stomach emptying
-Decreased immune response
-Total body potassium also decreases d/t decreased cellular mass
-Increased Na+/K+ ratio suggests decreased cellular mass is accompanied by an
increased extracellular compartment
Aneuploid Cell - ANSWER-Cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes
Trisomy - ANSWER-An aneuploid cell that contains three copies of one chromosome
Down Syndrome - ANSWER-Trisomy of the 21st chromosome
-IQ between 25-70
-Low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, flat/low-set ears
Penetrance - ANSWER-A percentage of individuals with a specific genotype who
also exhibit the expected phenotype.
Incomplete Penetrance - ANSWER-An individual who has a disease causing allele
that does not exhibit the disease phenotype but can still transmit the allele and
associated disease to the next generation
Expressivity - ANSWER-the extent of variation in phenotype associated with a
particular genotype. If the expressivity of a disease is variable, the penetrance may
be complete but the severity of the disease can vary greatly.
Huntington Disease - ANSWER-An autosomal dominant condition and its main
features are progressive dementia and increasingly uncontrollable movements of the
limbs. One of the key features is that symptoms are not usually seen until age 40 or
later (age-dependent penetrance). Most genetic diseases exhibit variable
expressivity.
Type 1 Neurofibromatosis - ANSWER-Expression can cary from cafe-au-lait spots
("coffee with milk describing light brown color) on the skin to malignant tumors,
scoliosis, seizures, gliomas, HTN, learning disabilities & neuromas
Cystic Fibrosis - ANSWER-The most common lethal autosomal recessive disease in
white children. Because an individual must be homozygous for a recessive allele to
express the disease, the carriers are phenotypically normal. Because the recessive
Accurate Solutions
Physiologic Hypertrophy - ANSWER-hypertrophy of myocardial cells secondary to
endurance training
Pathologic Hypertrophy - ANSWER-hypertrophy of myocardial cells secondary to
HTN
Hyperplasia - ANSWER-increase in number of cells
Compensatory Hyperplasia - ANSWER-liver regenerates in 2 weeks after 70% is
removed
Pathologic Hyperplasia - ANSWER-endometrial hyperplasia
Metaplasia - ANSWER-Replacement of cells
Example: normal columnar ciliated cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced
by stratified squamous epithelial cells. CAN BE REVERSED IF IRRITANT STOPS
Cellular Metabolism - ANSWER-ATP functions as the energy transferring molecule
(Very important).
Ischemia effects on ATP - ANSWER-A reduction in ATP levels causes the plamsa
membrane's Na+/K+ pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an
intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of
the cell. Sodium and water then enter the cell freely - causing cellular swelling.
Sodium-Potassium Pump - ANSWER-Three Na+ ions bind to the sodium-binding
sites on carrier's inner face, at the same time, an energy-containing ATP molecule
produced by the mitochondria binds to the carrier. The ATP dissociates, transferring
its stored energy to the carrier and the carrier then changes shape. The 3 Na+ ions
are then released to the outside of the cell and 2 K+ ions are attracted to potassium
binding sites. The carrier returns to its original shape and releases the two K+ ions
and remaining ATP inside the cell.
Free Radical - ANSWER-An electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having
an unpaired electron. To stabilize, the free radical gives up an electron to another
molecule or steals one, causing injurious chemical bonds with proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates which are key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - ANSWER-ROS play a major role in the initiation
of cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension,
ischemic heart disease and chronic heart failure.
Cellular Injury and Lysosome Leakage - ANSWER-Lysosomes cause enzymatic
digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus - halting
synthesis of DNA and RNA
, Cellular Injury and Ethanol - ANSWER-Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol into
acetyldehyde, which causes hepatic cellular disfunction. Peroxisomes help detoxify
ethanol - if they are not functioning properly, the ethanol is turned to fat (fatty liver).
Cellular Injury and Radiation - ANSWER-Ionizing radiation is any form of radiation
capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms, resulting in the production of
negatively charged free electrons and positively charged ionized atoms. Damages
DNA - BAD!
Aging and Cells/Tissues - ANSWER--Muscular Atrophy (sarcopenia)
-Increased peripheral vascular resistance
-Decreased production of HCL and delayed stomach emptying
-Decreased immune response
-Total body potassium also decreases d/t decreased cellular mass
-Increased Na+/K+ ratio suggests decreased cellular mass is accompanied by an
increased extracellular compartment
Aneuploid Cell - ANSWER-Cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes
Trisomy - ANSWER-An aneuploid cell that contains three copies of one chromosome
Down Syndrome - ANSWER-Trisomy of the 21st chromosome
-IQ between 25-70
-Low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, flat/low-set ears
Penetrance - ANSWER-A percentage of individuals with a specific genotype who
also exhibit the expected phenotype.
Incomplete Penetrance - ANSWER-An individual who has a disease causing allele
that does not exhibit the disease phenotype but can still transmit the allele and
associated disease to the next generation
Expressivity - ANSWER-the extent of variation in phenotype associated with a
particular genotype. If the expressivity of a disease is variable, the penetrance may
be complete but the severity of the disease can vary greatly.
Huntington Disease - ANSWER-An autosomal dominant condition and its main
features are progressive dementia and increasingly uncontrollable movements of the
limbs. One of the key features is that symptoms are not usually seen until age 40 or
later (age-dependent penetrance). Most genetic diseases exhibit variable
expressivity.
Type 1 Neurofibromatosis - ANSWER-Expression can cary from cafe-au-lait spots
("coffee with milk describing light brown color) on the skin to malignant tumors,
scoliosis, seizures, gliomas, HTN, learning disabilities & neuromas
Cystic Fibrosis - ANSWER-The most common lethal autosomal recessive disease in
white children. Because an individual must be homozygous for a recessive allele to
express the disease, the carriers are phenotypically normal. Because the recessive
