NSG 533 MASTER STUDY PACK 2023 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
COMPLETE REVIEW GRADED A+
◉ other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease. Answer:idiopathic and
cryptogenic
◉ define iatrogenic. Answer:etiology of disease as a result of
surgical/medical intervention
◉ define incidence of epidemiology. Answer:the new number of cases in
a given population in a specific time period
◉ define prevalence of epidemiology. Answer:number of cases, both old
and new, during a specific time period
◉ what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death.
Answer:1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
◉ what is the most common stressor of disease. Answer:ATP deletion
,◉ what are the two phases of ATP production?. Answer:1. Anaerobic
(glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
◉ how many ATP does glycolysis yield?. Answer:2
◉ How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield?. Answer:36
◉ in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP
production may be impaired?. Answer:1. Hypoxia
2.
◉ ischemia. Answer:reduced blood flow
◉ Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion. Answer:obstruction -->
ischemia --> decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion
pump fails, and b) increased anaerobic glycolysis
◉ explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to
decreased ATP production. Answer:normally, most sodium ions are
outside the cell and most potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and
calcium, and potassium freely exits the cell
,as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
◉ where does protein synthesis occur in a cell?. Answer:Rough ER with
ribosomes on the surface
◉ explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to
decreased ATP production. Answer:glycogen is decreased, lactate is
increased, intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
◉ define free radicals. Answer:unstable compounds with an unpaired
electron
◉ why are free radicals bad?. Answer:they bind to the phospholipid
bilayer of a cell and drill holes in its membrane
◉ what are reactive oxygen species?. Answer:highly reactive forms of
oxygen typically from the mitochondria
◉ why are antioxidants important. Answer:protect cells from free
radicals and ROS
, ◉ are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress.
Answer:decreased :(
◉ what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals?.
Answer:1. Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
◉ define oxidative stress. Answer:Injury induced by free-radicals and
ROS
◉ two endogenous accumulations. Answer:1. Lipids
2. Bilirubin
◉ define reperfusion injury. Answer:when blood flow is restored to
ischemic tissues, additional damage can occur resulting in cell death
◉ proposed reasons for reperfusion injury (5). Answer:1. oxidative
stress
2. nitrogen-based free radicals
3. increased intracellular calcium
4. inflammation
5. complement activation
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
COMPLETE REVIEW GRADED A+
◉ other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease. Answer:idiopathic and
cryptogenic
◉ define iatrogenic. Answer:etiology of disease as a result of
surgical/medical intervention
◉ define incidence of epidemiology. Answer:the new number of cases in
a given population in a specific time period
◉ define prevalence of epidemiology. Answer:number of cases, both old
and new, during a specific time period
◉ what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death.
Answer:1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
◉ what is the most common stressor of disease. Answer:ATP deletion
,◉ what are the two phases of ATP production?. Answer:1. Anaerobic
(glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
◉ how many ATP does glycolysis yield?. Answer:2
◉ How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield?. Answer:36
◉ in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP
production may be impaired?. Answer:1. Hypoxia
2.
◉ ischemia. Answer:reduced blood flow
◉ Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion. Answer:obstruction -->
ischemia --> decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion
pump fails, and b) increased anaerobic glycolysis
◉ explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to
decreased ATP production. Answer:normally, most sodium ions are
outside the cell and most potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and
calcium, and potassium freely exits the cell
,as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
◉ where does protein synthesis occur in a cell?. Answer:Rough ER with
ribosomes on the surface
◉ explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to
decreased ATP production. Answer:glycogen is decreased, lactate is
increased, intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
◉ define free radicals. Answer:unstable compounds with an unpaired
electron
◉ why are free radicals bad?. Answer:they bind to the phospholipid
bilayer of a cell and drill holes in its membrane
◉ what are reactive oxygen species?. Answer:highly reactive forms of
oxygen typically from the mitochondria
◉ why are antioxidants important. Answer:protect cells from free
radicals and ROS
, ◉ are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress.
Answer:decreased :(
◉ what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals?.
Answer:1. Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
◉ define oxidative stress. Answer:Injury induced by free-radicals and
ROS
◉ two endogenous accumulations. Answer:1. Lipids
2. Bilirubin
◉ define reperfusion injury. Answer:when blood flow is restored to
ischemic tissues, additional damage can occur resulting in cell death
◉ proposed reasons for reperfusion injury (5). Answer:1. oxidative
stress
2. nitrogen-based free radicals
3. increased intracellular calcium
4. inflammation
5. complement activation
