Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 Questions and Answers
Question 1
Atrophy
Correct Answer
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism
of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation,
or nervous stimulation)
Question 2
Hyperplasia
Correct Answer
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial resection; may be compensatory,
hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of
production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enlargement during
pregnancy
Page 1 of 144
,Question 3
Dysplasia
Correct Answer
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a
disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer development; pap smears
often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Question 4
Metaplasia
Correct Answer
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area,
stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to
columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Page 2 of 144
,Question 5
Hypoxia injury
Correct Answer
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Question 6
Free radical and ROS
Correct Answer
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Question 7
Ethanol
Correct Answer
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver,
hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Page 3 of 144
, Question 8
Oncosis
Correct Answer
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Question 9
Fatty Infiltration
Correct Answer
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
Question 10
dystrophic calcification
Correct Answer
accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
Page 4 of 144
Question 1
Atrophy
Correct Answer
E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism
of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation,
or nervous stimulation)
Question 2
Hyperplasia
Correct Answer
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial resection; may be compensatory,
hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of
production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enlargement during
pregnancy
Page 1 of 144
,Question 3
Dysplasia
Correct Answer
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a
disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer development; pap smears
often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Question 4
Metaplasia
Correct Answer
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area,
stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to
columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Page 2 of 144
,Question 5
Hypoxia injury
Correct Answer
E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Question 6
Free radical and ROS
Correct Answer
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Question 7
Ethanol
Correct Answer
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver,
hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Page 3 of 144
, Question 8
Oncosis
Correct Answer
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Question 9
Fatty Infiltration
Correct Answer
intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
Question 10
dystrophic calcification
Correct Answer
accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
Page 4 of 144
