NURSE PRACTITIONER CERTIFICATION
EXAM PREP 6TH EDITION FITZGERALD
TEST BANK EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026
TESTED QUESTIONS WITH FULL SOLUTION
⩥ What are undesirable hormonal effects of EXCESSIVE pro
gestational effects. Answer: breast tenderness, transient hypertension,
depression, fatigue, decreased libido, decreased duration of menstrual
cycle, increased appetite
⩥ what are undesirable hormonal effects of progesterone DEFICIENCY.
Answer: Breakthrough bleeding, delayed menses,
⩥ What are some EXCESSIVE ESTROGENIC EFFECTS?. Answer:
Dysmenorrhea (painful periods), nausea, chloasma (mask like
appearance) CVA, DVT, PE, telangiectasias (spider vein appearance in
the face), Hepatic adenoma, adenocarcinoma, cervical changes, breast
tenderness secondary to size1
⩥ EXCEssive androgenic effects of oral contraceptives. Answer:
hirsutism, acne, oily skin, edema, increased libido,
,⩥ What are some EXCESS estrogen/deficient progesterone combination
effects?. Answer: dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia (heavy bleeding), nausea,
vomiting, headache, irritability, bloating, syncope
⩥ what are some absolute contradictions in prescribing oral
contraceptives. Answer: history of thromboembolic disorders, CVA,
CAD, known or suspected breast ca, or estrogen dependent neoplasia,
pregnancy, benign or malignant liver tumor, impaired liver function,
previous cholelithiasis during pregnancy, undiagnosed abnormal uterine
bleeding,
⩥ what are some prescriptive guideline for oral contraceptives. Answer:
1 begin low lose combo or multi phasic pill (35mcg or less), progestin
only pills may be used in women with history of migraines, who are
breast feeding or who have contraindication with combo pill
⩥ what pregnancy category for Oral contraceptives/. Answer: X, stop
immediately
⩥ NuvaRing. Answer: flexible, ring , 2 inches in diameter to prevent
pregnancy; failure rate <1-2%
⩥ what is mechanism of action of NuvaRing. Answer: releases synthetic
estrogen and progestin (etonogestrel) , 1 month protection, release of
hormone activated by vaginal contact, prevents ovulation, thickens
cervical mucus, inhibits sperm penetration
,⩥ what are some of advantages of Nuva Ring. Answer: discreet, can not
be felt by partner, once a month insertion, shorter and lighter periods,
improves acne, depression and cramps
⩥ what are some disadvantages of Nuva Ring. Answer: similar to O.C.;
also diaphragms, cervical caps or shields can not be used as back up
methods while using rings, may worsen depression if previously
diagnosed, no protection STDS, can't be used in pt >35 or uncontrolled
HTN, or smoke >15 cigarettes daily
⩥ how long is a NovaRing left in place for. Answer: 21 days, if ring
slips out, must be re-inserted within three hours or must use back up
⩥ the patch. Answer: a transdermal contraceptive patch that releases
synthetic estrogen and progesterone ; failure rate <1-2%; prevents
ovulation
⩥ What are advantages of the patch. Answer: administered once a week,
can be worn for three weeks, easily reversible, sexual activity not
interrupted
⩥ what are disadvantages of the patch. Answer: site reactions, similar to
OC's, reduced effectiveness in woman >90Kg or 198 lbs, reduce
effectiveness with concurrent use of antibiotics, antifungals,
, anticonvulsants, St John's wart, Seriously increased cardiovascular risks
b/c it releases 60% more estrogen then O.C's, do not use woman>35
⩥ how should you use patch. Answer: patch applied on first day of cycle
or on first sunday after, patch removed seven days later and then add
new patch, after the third week, you wait 7 days (patch free) before re-
applying patch, if patch stays off for more than 24 horus, you must
restart a 4 week cycle along with using back up
⩥ what is repo-provera (DMPA)?. Answer: long-acting progestin by IM
injection, failure rate <1%,
⩥ how does DMPA work (Depo). Answer: supresses follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) and luteining hormone (LH), thus blocking LH surge
which inhibits ovulation, thickens mucus and thins endometrium lining
⩥ what are advantages of DePO. Answer: highly effective, prolonged
amenorrhea, reduces pain associated with endometriosis, no estrogen
side effects, reduction risk of PID, endometrial and ovarian cancers
⩥ what are disadvantages of Depo?. Answer: amenorrhea, delayed
return of fertility of (up to one year) and must have injection every three
months
EXAM PREP 6TH EDITION FITZGERALD
TEST BANK EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026
TESTED QUESTIONS WITH FULL SOLUTION
⩥ What are undesirable hormonal effects of EXCESSIVE pro
gestational effects. Answer: breast tenderness, transient hypertension,
depression, fatigue, decreased libido, decreased duration of menstrual
cycle, increased appetite
⩥ what are undesirable hormonal effects of progesterone DEFICIENCY.
Answer: Breakthrough bleeding, delayed menses,
⩥ What are some EXCESSIVE ESTROGENIC EFFECTS?. Answer:
Dysmenorrhea (painful periods), nausea, chloasma (mask like
appearance) CVA, DVT, PE, telangiectasias (spider vein appearance in
the face), Hepatic adenoma, adenocarcinoma, cervical changes, breast
tenderness secondary to size1
⩥ EXCEssive androgenic effects of oral contraceptives. Answer:
hirsutism, acne, oily skin, edema, increased libido,
,⩥ What are some EXCESS estrogen/deficient progesterone combination
effects?. Answer: dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia (heavy bleeding), nausea,
vomiting, headache, irritability, bloating, syncope
⩥ what are some absolute contradictions in prescribing oral
contraceptives. Answer: history of thromboembolic disorders, CVA,
CAD, known or suspected breast ca, or estrogen dependent neoplasia,
pregnancy, benign or malignant liver tumor, impaired liver function,
previous cholelithiasis during pregnancy, undiagnosed abnormal uterine
bleeding,
⩥ what are some prescriptive guideline for oral contraceptives. Answer:
1 begin low lose combo or multi phasic pill (35mcg or less), progestin
only pills may be used in women with history of migraines, who are
breast feeding or who have contraindication with combo pill
⩥ what pregnancy category for Oral contraceptives/. Answer: X, stop
immediately
⩥ NuvaRing. Answer: flexible, ring , 2 inches in diameter to prevent
pregnancy; failure rate <1-2%
⩥ what is mechanism of action of NuvaRing. Answer: releases synthetic
estrogen and progestin (etonogestrel) , 1 month protection, release of
hormone activated by vaginal contact, prevents ovulation, thickens
cervical mucus, inhibits sperm penetration
,⩥ what are some of advantages of Nuva Ring. Answer: discreet, can not
be felt by partner, once a month insertion, shorter and lighter periods,
improves acne, depression and cramps
⩥ what are some disadvantages of Nuva Ring. Answer: similar to O.C.;
also diaphragms, cervical caps or shields can not be used as back up
methods while using rings, may worsen depression if previously
diagnosed, no protection STDS, can't be used in pt >35 or uncontrolled
HTN, or smoke >15 cigarettes daily
⩥ how long is a NovaRing left in place for. Answer: 21 days, if ring
slips out, must be re-inserted within three hours or must use back up
⩥ the patch. Answer: a transdermal contraceptive patch that releases
synthetic estrogen and progesterone ; failure rate <1-2%; prevents
ovulation
⩥ What are advantages of the patch. Answer: administered once a week,
can be worn for three weeks, easily reversible, sexual activity not
interrupted
⩥ what are disadvantages of the patch. Answer: site reactions, similar to
OC's, reduced effectiveness in woman >90Kg or 198 lbs, reduce
effectiveness with concurrent use of antibiotics, antifungals,
, anticonvulsants, St John's wart, Seriously increased cardiovascular risks
b/c it releases 60% more estrogen then O.C's, do not use woman>35
⩥ how should you use patch. Answer: patch applied on first day of cycle
or on first sunday after, patch removed seven days later and then add
new patch, after the third week, you wait 7 days (patch free) before re-
applying patch, if patch stays off for more than 24 horus, you must
restart a 4 week cycle along with using back up
⩥ what is repo-provera (DMPA)?. Answer: long-acting progestin by IM
injection, failure rate <1%,
⩥ how does DMPA work (Depo). Answer: supresses follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) and luteining hormone (LH), thus blocking LH surge
which inhibits ovulation, thickens mucus and thins endometrium lining
⩥ what are advantages of DePO. Answer: highly effective, prolonged
amenorrhea, reduces pain associated with endometriosis, no estrogen
side effects, reduction risk of PID, endometrial and ovarian cancers
⩥ what are disadvantages of Depo?. Answer: amenorrhea, delayed
return of fertility of (up to one year) and must have injection every three
months
