Exam 4 NURS 3303 PATHO QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
1. Johnny is playing after school and falls from the jungle gym
breaking his humerus. When EMS arrives, bone is protruding
through the skin.
a. What type of fracture is this? What are the major types of
fractures? What is the difference in an open versus closed,
compound versus simple fracture? Correct Answers Open
(compound)
Closed (complete), open (compound), incomplete, compression,
transverse, comminuted, stress fracture, avulsion, greenstick,
and impacted
Closed (complete/ simple) is a fracture in which bone fragments
separate completely.
Open (compound) is a fracture of bone that protrudes to the
outside of the body.
Compound
A patient has hypoxia, dyspnea, and a lack of breath sounds on
one side. Chest x-ray shows a mediastinal shift. Do you suspect
which of the following has occurred? Correct Answers
Pneumothorax
A patient presents with high fever, fatigue and dyspnea. Upon
assessment you find tachycardia and tachypnea, labs show
leukocytosis and X-ray shows consolidation in the lung. What
disease process do you suspect the patient has? Correct Answers
pneumonia
,ACTH (acetylcholine) Correct Answers is released At the
synapse between the muscle and nerve
it is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland that stimulates
the adrenal glands to release a hormone called cortisol.
aerobic respiration Correct Answers ATP is maintained in the
muscle fibers if adequate oxygen is available.
Alzheimer's disease Correct Answers a progressive and
irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration
of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical
functioning
a. Patho : Progressive cortical atrophy leading to dilated
ventricles and widening of the sulci. Neurofibrillary tangles in
the neurons and senile plaque are found in large numbers. The
plaque disrupts neural conduction. A deficit of Ach also occurs
b. Cause: unknown, defective genes have been associated.
c. Symptoms: onset insidious, gradual memory loss and lack of
concentration, cannot learn new information, irritable, hostile,
mood swings common early. Late: progressive memory loss,
language skills decline, more confused. End: do not recognize
family, lacks awareness of environment, incontinent and unable
to function in any way.
Alzheimer's patient Jane continues to have progressive memory
loss. What causes this? Correct Answers as neurons are injured
and die throughout the brain, connections between networks of
neurons may break down, and many brain regions begin to
shrink.
,Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid tau plaques, acetylcholine
deficit
Amphiathroses Correct Answers slightly movable joints - joints
connected by cartilage. Example: junction of ribs and sternum
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Correct Answers condition
of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in
total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from
muscle weakness in the arms and legs, to the muscles of speech,
swallowing, and breathing, to total paralysis and death; also
known as Lou Gehrig disease
anerobic respiration Correct Answers occurs when there is not
enough oxygen to allow ATP to remain in the muscle - muscle
begins to use glucose and lactic acid is produced leading to a
state of acidosis evidenced by increased respiratory rate
commonly observed during exercise.
Ankylosing Spondylitis Correct Answers chronic, progressive
arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine
basal ganglia Correct Answers a set of subcortical structures
that directs intentional movements
Bone healing - what are the major steps in the healing process
and why is each one essential (see pg. 166, figure 9-5) Correct
Answers Hematoma formation.
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation.
Bony callus formation.
Bone remodeling.
, Hematoma
Granulation tissue
Procallus- gummy splint or bridge (fibrocartilage)
Bony callus- replaces procallus (calcification)
Remodeling
bone healing process Correct Answers - 1 week- fibroblasts
have begun laying down a fibrous collagen network
- chondroblasts start to make callus between bones
-osteoblasts proliferate and enter the callus, creating trabeculae
bone
-osteoclasts appear to resorb bone fragments and clean up debris
-immobilize for 3-8 weeks
Bone will regenerate and form NEW bone - usually heal in
children in 1 month, adults 2 or more months depending on age
(longer if older), the amount of local tissue damage, and how
well the ends of the bone are approximated or pulled together.
Other factors: infection, diabetes, circulatory deficits, anemia,
nutritional deficits, and taking glucocorticoids
brain trauma Correct Answers any brain injury that impairs the
normal functioning of the brain, either temporarily or
permanently
a. Concussion - most common, reversible interference in brain
function resulting from a mild blow to the head causing sudden,
excessive movement of the brain inside the cranium resulting in
loss of consciousness
b. Amnesia is common after a concussion.
c. Recovery is expected with no permanent damage
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
1. Johnny is playing after school and falls from the jungle gym
breaking his humerus. When EMS arrives, bone is protruding
through the skin.
a. What type of fracture is this? What are the major types of
fractures? What is the difference in an open versus closed,
compound versus simple fracture? Correct Answers Open
(compound)
Closed (complete), open (compound), incomplete, compression,
transverse, comminuted, stress fracture, avulsion, greenstick,
and impacted
Closed (complete/ simple) is a fracture in which bone fragments
separate completely.
Open (compound) is a fracture of bone that protrudes to the
outside of the body.
Compound
A patient has hypoxia, dyspnea, and a lack of breath sounds on
one side. Chest x-ray shows a mediastinal shift. Do you suspect
which of the following has occurred? Correct Answers
Pneumothorax
A patient presents with high fever, fatigue and dyspnea. Upon
assessment you find tachycardia and tachypnea, labs show
leukocytosis and X-ray shows consolidation in the lung. What
disease process do you suspect the patient has? Correct Answers
pneumonia
,ACTH (acetylcholine) Correct Answers is released At the
synapse between the muscle and nerve
it is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland that stimulates
the adrenal glands to release a hormone called cortisol.
aerobic respiration Correct Answers ATP is maintained in the
muscle fibers if adequate oxygen is available.
Alzheimer's disease Correct Answers a progressive and
irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration
of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical
functioning
a. Patho : Progressive cortical atrophy leading to dilated
ventricles and widening of the sulci. Neurofibrillary tangles in
the neurons and senile plaque are found in large numbers. The
plaque disrupts neural conduction. A deficit of Ach also occurs
b. Cause: unknown, defective genes have been associated.
c. Symptoms: onset insidious, gradual memory loss and lack of
concentration, cannot learn new information, irritable, hostile,
mood swings common early. Late: progressive memory loss,
language skills decline, more confused. End: do not recognize
family, lacks awareness of environment, incontinent and unable
to function in any way.
Alzheimer's patient Jane continues to have progressive memory
loss. What causes this? Correct Answers as neurons are injured
and die throughout the brain, connections between networks of
neurons may break down, and many brain regions begin to
shrink.
,Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid tau plaques, acetylcholine
deficit
Amphiathroses Correct Answers slightly movable joints - joints
connected by cartilage. Example: junction of ribs and sternum
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Correct Answers condition
of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in
total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from
muscle weakness in the arms and legs, to the muscles of speech,
swallowing, and breathing, to total paralysis and death; also
known as Lou Gehrig disease
anerobic respiration Correct Answers occurs when there is not
enough oxygen to allow ATP to remain in the muscle - muscle
begins to use glucose and lactic acid is produced leading to a
state of acidosis evidenced by increased respiratory rate
commonly observed during exercise.
Ankylosing Spondylitis Correct Answers chronic, progressive
arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine
basal ganglia Correct Answers a set of subcortical structures
that directs intentional movements
Bone healing - what are the major steps in the healing process
and why is each one essential (see pg. 166, figure 9-5) Correct
Answers Hematoma formation.
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation.
Bony callus formation.
Bone remodeling.
, Hematoma
Granulation tissue
Procallus- gummy splint or bridge (fibrocartilage)
Bony callus- replaces procallus (calcification)
Remodeling
bone healing process Correct Answers - 1 week- fibroblasts
have begun laying down a fibrous collagen network
- chondroblasts start to make callus between bones
-osteoblasts proliferate and enter the callus, creating trabeculae
bone
-osteoclasts appear to resorb bone fragments and clean up debris
-immobilize for 3-8 weeks
Bone will regenerate and form NEW bone - usually heal in
children in 1 month, adults 2 or more months depending on age
(longer if older), the amount of local tissue damage, and how
well the ends of the bone are approximated or pulled together.
Other factors: infection, diabetes, circulatory deficits, anemia,
nutritional deficits, and taking glucocorticoids
brain trauma Correct Answers any brain injury that impairs the
normal functioning of the brain, either temporarily or
permanently
a. Concussion - most common, reversible interference in brain
function resulting from a mild blow to the head causing sudden,
excessive movement of the brain inside the cranium resulting in
loss of consciousness
b. Amnesia is common after a concussion.
c. Recovery is expected with no permanent damage
