NSG 252 Test 2 | 2026 Update Questions with
complete solutions.
viral hepatitis
a systemic viral infection causing necrosis and inflammation of liver cells
nonviral hepatitis
toxic and drug induced hepatitis (ie exposure to heavy metal)
acute hepatitis sx
flu like
anorexia
later sx:
jaundice
dark urine
indigestion
epigastric distress
splenomegaly
hepatomegaly
chronic hepatitis sx
• ↑ ALT, AST (may be normal in some people)
• Ascites and lower extremity edema
• Asterixis ("liver flap")
• ↑ Bilirubin
,• Bleeding problems (thrombocytopenia, easy bruising, prolonged clotting time)
• Fatigue, malaise
• Hepatic encephalopathy: confusion, problems concentrating, easy agitation
• Hepatomegaly
• Jaundice
• Joint and muscle pain
• Palmar erythema
• Spider angiomas
Hep A route
fecal-oral
Hep A incubation
15-50 days
Hep A duration
4-8 weeks
Hep A Dx
HAV IgM antibody - acute infection
HAV IgG antibody - immunity
Hep A prevention
vaccine
hand washing
PEP (HAV IG)
,Hep A tx
supportive care
rest/hydration/nutrition
avoid alcohol/tylenol
monitor LFTs
Hep B route
blood, birth, and body fluids
Hep B incubation
1-6 months
Hep B duration
variable
Hep B Dx
hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) - acute infection
hepatitis B antibody (anti-HBs) - immunity
anti-HBs indicates immunity from the HBV vaccine or from past HBV infection
Hep B prevention
vaccination (first dose at birth)
safe sex/IJ practices
PEP (HBIG)
, Hep B tx
for acute Hep B:
supportive care
rest/hydration/nutrition
avoid alcohol/tylenol
monitor LFTs
Hep C route
blood, body fluids
Hep C incubation
2 weeks to 6 months
(variable)
Hep C duration
chronic disease
Hep C prevention
safe sex/IJ practices
screening blood products
Hep C Dx
Anti-HCV w/ viral load test
(anti-HCV can be from past infection)
Hep C tx
complete solutions.
viral hepatitis
a systemic viral infection causing necrosis and inflammation of liver cells
nonviral hepatitis
toxic and drug induced hepatitis (ie exposure to heavy metal)
acute hepatitis sx
flu like
anorexia
later sx:
jaundice
dark urine
indigestion
epigastric distress
splenomegaly
hepatomegaly
chronic hepatitis sx
• ↑ ALT, AST (may be normal in some people)
• Ascites and lower extremity edema
• Asterixis ("liver flap")
• ↑ Bilirubin
,• Bleeding problems (thrombocytopenia, easy bruising, prolonged clotting time)
• Fatigue, malaise
• Hepatic encephalopathy: confusion, problems concentrating, easy agitation
• Hepatomegaly
• Jaundice
• Joint and muscle pain
• Palmar erythema
• Spider angiomas
Hep A route
fecal-oral
Hep A incubation
15-50 days
Hep A duration
4-8 weeks
Hep A Dx
HAV IgM antibody - acute infection
HAV IgG antibody - immunity
Hep A prevention
vaccine
hand washing
PEP (HAV IG)
,Hep A tx
supportive care
rest/hydration/nutrition
avoid alcohol/tylenol
monitor LFTs
Hep B route
blood, birth, and body fluids
Hep B incubation
1-6 months
Hep B duration
variable
Hep B Dx
hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) - acute infection
hepatitis B antibody (anti-HBs) - immunity
anti-HBs indicates immunity from the HBV vaccine or from past HBV infection
Hep B prevention
vaccination (first dose at birth)
safe sex/IJ practices
PEP (HBIG)
, Hep B tx
for acute Hep B:
supportive care
rest/hydration/nutrition
avoid alcohol/tylenol
monitor LFTs
Hep C route
blood, body fluids
Hep C incubation
2 weeks to 6 months
(variable)
Hep C duration
chronic disease
Hep C prevention
safe sex/IJ practices
screening blood products
Hep C Dx
Anti-HCV w/ viral load test
(anti-HCV can be from past infection)
Hep C tx
