BIOS 252 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔motor cranial nerves - ✔✔3, 4, 6, 11, 12 (III,IV,VI,XI,XII)
oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal
✔✔mixed cranial nerves - ✔✔5, 7, 9, 10 (VVII,IX,X)
✔✔5 branches of facial nerves - ✔✔temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
✔✔cranial nerve goes to innervate abdomen and thorax - ✔✔visceral nerve
✔✔Divisions of the ANS - ✔✔sympathetic and parasympathetic
✔✔sympathetic nervous system - ✔✔the division of the autonomic nervous system that
arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations, fight or flight
✔✔parasympathetic nervous system - ✔✔rest and digest; the division of the autonomic
nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
✔✔adrenal cortex - ✔✔the outer portion of the adrenal glands
✔✔adrenal medulla - ✔✔secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
✔✔Acetylcholine (ACh) - ✔✔enables muscle action, learning, and memory
secreted by all preganglionic neurons in both divisions and by postganglionic
parasympathetic nervous system.
✔✔Norepinephrine - ✔✔secreted by all sympathetic postganglionic neurons
✔✔Alpha - ✔✔Excitatory
✔✔Beta - ✔✔inhibitory
✔✔Central control of autonomic functions - ✔✔ANS regulated by levels of CNS
✔✔cerebral cortex - ✔✔fear and anxiety
✔✔Hypothalamus - ✔✔A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several
maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine
system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
✔✔spinal cord functions - ✔✔defecation and micturation
, ✔✔cervical enlargement of spinal cord - ✔✔Responsible for supplying nerves to the
upper limb
✔✔lumbarenlargement - ✔✔nerves to pelvic region and lower limbs
✔✔medullary cone - ✔✔cord tapers to a point inferior to lumbar enlargement
✔✔cauda equina - ✔✔collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord (L2 to
S5)
✔✔Meninges - ✔✔three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
✔✔Meninges layers (from superficial to deep) - ✔✔dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia
mater
✔✔cerebrospinal fluid - ✔✔Fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a
shock absorber that protects the central nervous system. (in the subarachnoid space
b/w arachnoid and pia layers)
✔✔gray matter - ✔✔Brain and spinal cord tissue that appears gray with the naked eye;
consists mainly of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) and lacks myelinated axons.
✔✔gray matter function - ✔✔site of information processing, synaptic integration
✔✔white matter function - ✔✔abundantly myelinated axons that course up and down
the cord providing communication between different levels of the CNS
✔✔funiculi - ✔✔white matter columns on each side of the cord; 3 on each side
✔✔ascending tracts - ✔✔carry sensory information up the spinal cord
✔✔descending tracts - ✔✔carry motor commands down the spinal cord
✔✔Endoneurium - ✔✔connective tissue external to neurilemma
✔✔perineurium - ✔✔layers of squamous cells that wrap fascicles
✔✔Epineurium - ✔✔connective tissue surrounding the entire nerve
✔✔Ganglion - ✔✔A cluster of nerve cell bodies, often of similar function, located in the
PNS.
✔✔spinal nerves - ✔✔31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔motor cranial nerves - ✔✔3, 4, 6, 11, 12 (III,IV,VI,XI,XII)
oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal
✔✔mixed cranial nerves - ✔✔5, 7, 9, 10 (VVII,IX,X)
✔✔5 branches of facial nerves - ✔✔temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
✔✔cranial nerve goes to innervate abdomen and thorax - ✔✔visceral nerve
✔✔Divisions of the ANS - ✔✔sympathetic and parasympathetic
✔✔sympathetic nervous system - ✔✔the division of the autonomic nervous system that
arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations, fight or flight
✔✔parasympathetic nervous system - ✔✔rest and digest; the division of the autonomic
nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
✔✔adrenal cortex - ✔✔the outer portion of the adrenal glands
✔✔adrenal medulla - ✔✔secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
✔✔Acetylcholine (ACh) - ✔✔enables muscle action, learning, and memory
secreted by all preganglionic neurons in both divisions and by postganglionic
parasympathetic nervous system.
✔✔Norepinephrine - ✔✔secreted by all sympathetic postganglionic neurons
✔✔Alpha - ✔✔Excitatory
✔✔Beta - ✔✔inhibitory
✔✔Central control of autonomic functions - ✔✔ANS regulated by levels of CNS
✔✔cerebral cortex - ✔✔fear and anxiety
✔✔Hypothalamus - ✔✔A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several
maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine
system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
✔✔spinal cord functions - ✔✔defecation and micturation
, ✔✔cervical enlargement of spinal cord - ✔✔Responsible for supplying nerves to the
upper limb
✔✔lumbarenlargement - ✔✔nerves to pelvic region and lower limbs
✔✔medullary cone - ✔✔cord tapers to a point inferior to lumbar enlargement
✔✔cauda equina - ✔✔collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord (L2 to
S5)
✔✔Meninges - ✔✔three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
✔✔Meninges layers (from superficial to deep) - ✔✔dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia
mater
✔✔cerebrospinal fluid - ✔✔Fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a
shock absorber that protects the central nervous system. (in the subarachnoid space
b/w arachnoid and pia layers)
✔✔gray matter - ✔✔Brain and spinal cord tissue that appears gray with the naked eye;
consists mainly of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) and lacks myelinated axons.
✔✔gray matter function - ✔✔site of information processing, synaptic integration
✔✔white matter function - ✔✔abundantly myelinated axons that course up and down
the cord providing communication between different levels of the CNS
✔✔funiculi - ✔✔white matter columns on each side of the cord; 3 on each side
✔✔ascending tracts - ✔✔carry sensory information up the spinal cord
✔✔descending tracts - ✔✔carry motor commands down the spinal cord
✔✔Endoneurium - ✔✔connective tissue external to neurilemma
✔✔perineurium - ✔✔layers of squamous cells that wrap fascicles
✔✔Epineurium - ✔✔connective tissue surrounding the entire nerve
✔✔Ganglion - ✔✔A cluster of nerve cell bodies, often of similar function, located in the
PNS.
✔✔spinal nerves - ✔✔31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
