BIOD 331 Module 2 Pathophysiology
Exam 2025 | Complete Exam
Questions and Correct Answers
/. What is cancer? - Answer-✅The unregulated growth of abnormal cells
/.What is neoplasia? - Answer-✅"New growth". Process of uncontrolled, abnormal
growth of cells or tissues in the body
/.What is neoplasm? - Answer-✅The new growth itself
/.Normal tissue growth responds with ________ and ________ - Answer-✅Hypertrophy
and hyperplasia
/.Neoplasms don't respond to _____ _______ _____ ______ (4 words) - Answer-
✅Appropriate cellular signaling stimuli
/.Normal tissue renewal and repair requires what 3 things? - Answer-✅Proliferation,
differentiation, and apoptosis
/.What is proliferation? - Answer-✅Process of cell division. Adaptive process for new
cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed.
/.Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and uncontrolled
proliferation that is unregulated by normal growth-regulating stimuli. - Answer-✅Genetic
abnormalities
/.What is differentiation? - Answer-✅Process by which cells become more specialized
with each mitotic division
/.What is apoptosis? - Answer-✅Programmed cell death. Eliminates old, damaged, or
unwanted cells
/.What are proto-oncogenes? - Answer-✅Cell growth. They encode proteins that signal
for the cell to proliferate
/.What do tumor suppressor genes do? - Answer-✅Cell death. Encode proteins that
inhibit cell growth and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis
,/.What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle? - Answer-✅DNA synthesis stops while the cell
enlarges and both RNA and protein synthesis begins
/.What is the S phase of the cell cycle? - Answer-✅DNA synthesis occurs, producing 2
separate sets of chromosomes one for each daughter cell
/.What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle? - Answer-✅DNA synthesis again stops while
RNA/protein synthesis continues.
/.The first 3 phases of the cell cycle are referred to as __________ - Answer-
✅Interphase
/.What are cell cycle checkpoints? - Answer-✅Means of molecular surveillance used to
ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase
/.What is the M phase of the cell cycle? - Answer-✅Mitosis and cytoplasmic division.
/.Give an example of a type of cell found in the body that continually cycles from one
mitotic division to the next. - Answer-✅Skin's squamous epithelium
/.What is the rest state that some cells enter after the M phase called? - Answer-✅G0
or resting phase
/.Why would a cell enter the G0 phase? - Answer-✅1. Nutrients are unavailable
2. Growth factors are unavailable
3. Highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle
/.What type of cells found in the body may permanently stay in G0? - Answer-
✅Neurons (highly specialized and terminally differentiated cells)
/.What may prompt a cell to leave the G0 phase? - Answer-✅Cell receives stimuli via:
1. Growth factors
2. Hormones
3. Other signals that trigger growth
/.Give an example of a cell type found in the body that remains in G0 phase until
prompted. - Answer-✅Blood loss or tissue injury
/.Define cell proliferation - Answer-✅Process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell
division.
/.In normal tissues, the number of new cells being produced is __________ to the
number of cells dying or being shed. - Answer-✅Equivalent
, /.When considering cell proliferation, human cells fall within one of these two categories:
- Answer-✅1. Gametes (ovum and sperm)
2. Somatic (non-reproductive cells)
/.Gametes are _________ - Answer-✅Haploids
/.What is a haploid? - Answer-✅A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
/.What are haploids designed for? - Answer-✅Sexual function
/.After fusion, a _________ cell is formed - Answer-✅Diploid
/.How many sets of chromosomes do diploids have? - Answer-✅2
/.Diploids are an example of what type of cell? - Answer-✅Somatic
/.Give 3 examples of a well-differentiated cell that rarely divides or reproduces - Answer-
✅1. Skeletal muscle cells
2. Cardiac muscles cells
3. Neurons
/.Give 3 examples of a progenitor (parent) cell that continue to divide and reproduce. -
Answer-✅1. Blood cells
2. Skin cells
3. Liver cells
/.Undifferentiated _____ cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large numbers of
progenitor (parent) cells if needed - Answer-✅Stem
/.What is cell differentiation? - Answer-✅Refers to the process by which cells become
more specialized in both their structure and function
/.The various cell types of the body all originate from where? - Answer-✅The fertilized
ovum
/.As differentiation progresses, the process within each developing cell type must be
_____ ______ - Answer-✅Tightly regulated
/.As cells become more and more specialized they lose the ability to develop the
_______ and _____ characteristics of other cell types - Answer-✅Structural; functional
/.What is the benefit of specialized cells being unable to take on the structural and
functional characteristics of other cell types? - Answer-✅It ensures that the integrity and
composition of developing organs is maintained and free from differing cell types
Exam 2025 | Complete Exam
Questions and Correct Answers
/. What is cancer? - Answer-✅The unregulated growth of abnormal cells
/.What is neoplasia? - Answer-✅"New growth". Process of uncontrolled, abnormal
growth of cells or tissues in the body
/.What is neoplasm? - Answer-✅The new growth itself
/.Normal tissue growth responds with ________ and ________ - Answer-✅Hypertrophy
and hyperplasia
/.Neoplasms don't respond to _____ _______ _____ ______ (4 words) - Answer-
✅Appropriate cellular signaling stimuli
/.Normal tissue renewal and repair requires what 3 things? - Answer-✅Proliferation,
differentiation, and apoptosis
/.What is proliferation? - Answer-✅Process of cell division. Adaptive process for new
cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are needed.
/.Neoplasms tend to have _______ ______ that cause excessive and uncontrolled
proliferation that is unregulated by normal growth-regulating stimuli. - Answer-✅Genetic
abnormalities
/.What is differentiation? - Answer-✅Process by which cells become more specialized
with each mitotic division
/.What is apoptosis? - Answer-✅Programmed cell death. Eliminates old, damaged, or
unwanted cells
/.What are proto-oncogenes? - Answer-✅Cell growth. They encode proteins that signal
for the cell to proliferate
/.What do tumor suppressor genes do? - Answer-✅Cell death. Encode proteins that
inhibit cell growth and signal (when necessary) for apoptosis
,/.What is the G1 phase of the cell cycle? - Answer-✅DNA synthesis stops while the cell
enlarges and both RNA and protein synthesis begins
/.What is the S phase of the cell cycle? - Answer-✅DNA synthesis occurs, producing 2
separate sets of chromosomes one for each daughter cell
/.What is the G2 phase of the cell cycle? - Answer-✅DNA synthesis again stops while
RNA/protein synthesis continues.
/.The first 3 phases of the cell cycle are referred to as __________ - Answer-
✅Interphase
/.What are cell cycle checkpoints? - Answer-✅Means of molecular surveillance used to
ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase
/.What is the M phase of the cell cycle? - Answer-✅Mitosis and cytoplasmic division.
/.Give an example of a type of cell found in the body that continually cycles from one
mitotic division to the next. - Answer-✅Skin's squamous epithelium
/.What is the rest state that some cells enter after the M phase called? - Answer-✅G0
or resting phase
/.Why would a cell enter the G0 phase? - Answer-✅1. Nutrients are unavailable
2. Growth factors are unavailable
3. Highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle
/.What type of cells found in the body may permanently stay in G0? - Answer-
✅Neurons (highly specialized and terminally differentiated cells)
/.What may prompt a cell to leave the G0 phase? - Answer-✅Cell receives stimuli via:
1. Growth factors
2. Hormones
3. Other signals that trigger growth
/.Give an example of a cell type found in the body that remains in G0 phase until
prompted. - Answer-✅Blood loss or tissue injury
/.Define cell proliferation - Answer-✅Process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell
division.
/.In normal tissues, the number of new cells being produced is __________ to the
number of cells dying or being shed. - Answer-✅Equivalent
, /.When considering cell proliferation, human cells fall within one of these two categories:
- Answer-✅1. Gametes (ovum and sperm)
2. Somatic (non-reproductive cells)
/.Gametes are _________ - Answer-✅Haploids
/.What is a haploid? - Answer-✅A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
/.What are haploids designed for? - Answer-✅Sexual function
/.After fusion, a _________ cell is formed - Answer-✅Diploid
/.How many sets of chromosomes do diploids have? - Answer-✅2
/.Diploids are an example of what type of cell? - Answer-✅Somatic
/.Give 3 examples of a well-differentiated cell that rarely divides or reproduces - Answer-
✅1. Skeletal muscle cells
2. Cardiac muscles cells
3. Neurons
/.Give 3 examples of a progenitor (parent) cell that continue to divide and reproduce. -
Answer-✅1. Blood cells
2. Skin cells
3. Liver cells
/.Undifferentiated _____ cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large numbers of
progenitor (parent) cells if needed - Answer-✅Stem
/.What is cell differentiation? - Answer-✅Refers to the process by which cells become
more specialized in both their structure and function
/.The various cell types of the body all originate from where? - Answer-✅The fertilized
ovum
/.As differentiation progresses, the process within each developing cell type must be
_____ ______ - Answer-✅Tightly regulated
/.As cells become more and more specialized they lose the ability to develop the
_______ and _____ characteristics of other cell types - Answer-✅Structural; functional
/.What is the benefit of specialized cells being unable to take on the structural and
functional characteristics of other cell types? - Answer-✅It ensures that the integrity and
composition of developing organs is maintained and free from differing cell types
