Intermediate Organic Chemistry

Carbanions are looked at with examples and how to stabilise through inductive and resonance effects. Enolate formation reaction is introduced and a look at different bases and how complete deprotonation can be. The stabilisation of enolates develops the topic before the α-halogenation by base or acid catalysed reactions. More enolate reactions are given. Alkylate aldehydes formation through enamines. Aldol reaction through acid and base conditions in either equilibrating and non-equilibrating c...

An introduction to heterocycles with examples of aromatic and non-aromatic heterocycles and how the aromaticity is formed in the 5 and 6 membered heterocycles. It then goes on to look at the reactions of 5 membered heterocycles including Friedel Crafts, Mannich reaction and Vilsmeir Reaction. This is further developed by looking at how they react when already substituted and how resonance forms explain their selectivity. Metallation and reduction reactions are looked at. How to synthesise hetero...

An introduction to the reactions of malonates and 1,3 dicarbonyls including Claisen reaction, alkylation, ring synthesis. A look at enones, how to create them and their reactivity of 1,2 and 1,4 addition attack, the use of organometallics with enones. Then notes on the formation and addition of 1,5 dicarbonyls including Robinson's annelation. An introduction to the disconnection approach for retrosynthesis. 1,4 dicarbonyls and their reactions are introduced. 1,2 Dicarbonyls/Difunctionals reacti...

Notes on the types of carbocations and their relative reactivity, their reactions including rearrangements and shifts, how readily they will migrate. Reactions of benzene including Fiedel Crafts alkylation and acylation, nitration, sulfonation. A look at further substitution and the impact of resonance, inductive effects and steric factors at controlling additional substitution. Ways to form substituted aromatics are then given including Diels Alder and carbonyl condensation. A few reactions of ...

Notes on amines: their naming, hybridisation, solubility, basicity, synthesis, phase transfer conditions, reductive amination. A look at the acidity of organic compounds: measuring the acidity, relationship of pKa and pH, factors that affect the acidity of molecules with examples. Simple kinetic profiles, pseudo orders and examples of it. Linear free energy relationships looking at Hammet correlation and how to use it to help determine the rate-limiting step.