Pathophysiology

UNIT I: The Cell Chapter 01: Cellular Biology 4 Chapter 02: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents 18 Chapter 03: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases 31 UNIT II: Gene and Gene Environment interaction Chapter 04: Genes and Genetic Diseases 44 Chapter 05: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases 55 Chapter 06: Epigenetics and Disease 63 UNIT III: Mechanisms of Self-defence Chapter 07: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healin...

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 100 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED 2024

How does rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune condition, manifest? - ###Chronic inflammation in affected joints 1. Inflammation is a protective mechanism that protects the body when injured. What are the symptoms? (Select all that apply) - ###Pain, loss of function, heat, redness, swelling 2. What chemical does the body release during a stress response? - ###Epinephrine 3. What electrolyte imbalance would you see in a client with muscle tetany, positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs...

1. Monitor heart. Complications of the heart. - ###Low potassium (Hypokalemia) 2. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol. Increase heart rate and increase in blood pressure - ###Catecholamines - Flight or fight response 3. Plasma protein. It keeps water along with it. Water escapes into interstitial cell space. Swelling. Fluid is in the wrong places. Fluid in the peritoneal cavity. - ###Function of Albumin - decrease albumin - ascites 4. Sodium and water retention - ###Function of aldoste...

Physiological reactions that occur during "Fight or Flight" - ###Tachycardia, Dialated Pupils, Hypertension State of equilibrium/balance within the body - ###Homeostasis Function of the Ribosomes - ###Protein synthesis Hormone that increases blood sugar levels is ___________. Hormone that decreases blood sugar levels is __________. - ###Glucagon; Insulin What chemical helps with endocrine system function? - ###Hormones Type of cell division that only occurs within sperm/ovum? - #...

• What is part of both the lymphoid and immune systems? o Thymus o Spleen o Lymph nodes o Lymph nodules o MALT • The lymphoid system (lymphatic system) is categorized into: primary and secondary lymphoid organs • What are the primary lymphoid organs? thymus, bone marrow, bursa of Fabricius in birds • What are the functions of the primary lymphoid organs? sites where B and T cells proliferate, differentiate and mature • What are the secondary lymphoid organs? spleen, lymph ...

On an electrocardiogram (EKG), the P wave represents which of the following? A) Atrial depolarization B) Ventricular depolarization C) Atrial repolarization D) Ventricular repolarization - ###A) Atrial depolarization Select all that apply. Which lab values are incorrect? A. Na+ 135-145 B. K+ 2.3-2.9 C. Mg 1.8-2.4 D. Calcium 2-3 - ###B. K+ 2.3-2.9 D. Calcium 2-3 What electrolyte, if too high or low, can cause cardiac arrhythmias? A. Mg B. Na+ C. K+ D. Ca - ###C. K+ A patient has A...

Which of the following would be a sign of right-sided Heart Failure? - Increased Urination - Peripheral Edema - Pulmonary Edema - Immunosuppression - ###Peripheral Edema Which of the following are clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure? (Select all that apply) - Jugular Vein Distention - Cough with Frothy Sputum - Crackles Auscultated in Lungs - Dyspnea - ###- Cough with Frothy Sputum - Crackles auscultated in lungs - Dyspnea Which medications would be used to treat a p...

1. Function of mitochondria - ###ATP production/cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell 2. Rough ER - ###That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. 3. Smooth ER - ###That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. 4. Homeostasis - ###A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level 5. Hypertrophy - ###increase in muscle/tissue size, ...

Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a region) - ###Gastritis 2. _________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage - ###Acute Gastritis 3. _________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain - ###Acute Gastritis 4. _________ Gastritis develops gradually. - ###Chronic Gastritis 5. Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - ###Chronic G...

Type 1 diabetes - ###Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels. polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia. 2. type 2 diabetes - ###Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased in...