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Exam 1+ 2 Practice Questions (15x) Philosophy of Science and Ethics - BSc Global Sustainability Science
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Explain the problem of underdetermination.
Explain the problem of underdetermination.
The problem of underdetermination is that anti-realists find that scientists are too quickly content with the reason for a certain unobservable phenomenon that they find. Anti-realists think that there is a multitude of incompatible reasons for a certain phenomenon which are equally plausible. They think that scientific theories are underdetermined by the empirical data. The data can be accounted for alternative theories.
[lecture, DeGrazia] What is the moral relevance of the scale of suffering?
[lecture, DeGrazia] What is the moral relevance of the scale of suffering?
The scale of suffering it gives a visualization of the amount of suffering a being can experience. This takes into account their behavior, neurology and evolution. This leads to a scale which ranges from rocks to humans, wherein rocks cannot experience suffering and humans can. This has moral relevance because it can be used to visualize DeGrazia’s sliding scale model.
[lecture] What is the motor (or: driving force) of Peter Singer’s notion of the expanding circle?
[lecture] What is the motor (or: driving force) of Peter Singer’s notion of the expanding circle?
The driving force of Peter Singer’s notion of the expanding circle is based off Bentham’s footnote: “Can they suffer?”. This means that the moral circle can keep expanding to include more. Singer is also a welfareist, which means that he prioritizes the lessening of suffering over the increase of happiness. He wants to make the least impact on beings and the planet, and in the meantime also attempt to make it better. So this means that he has to keep questioning himself whether what he is doing causes suffering, and if he finds out they do he expands his moral circle.
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