Clinical Medicine – Pulmonary Q&A (100+ Questions) | 2025/2026 | Pleural Disorders, Pneumonia, PE, ILD, TB

This extensive study document provides over 100 expertly answered Q&A items from the Clinical Medicine – Pulmonary section of the 2025/2026 curriculum. It comprehensively covers a wide range of high-yield pulmonary topics, including pleural conditions (pneumothorax, hemothorax, pleural effusion), ventilation-perfusion dynamics, and mediastinal shifts in various respiratory pathologies. Key diagnostic principles are outlined for transudate vs. exudate effusions, with clinical contexts such as CHF, pneumonia, and malignancy. The document also explores infectious diseases like bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis (including miliary TB), Legionnaires' disease, and opportunistic infections in AIDS (e.g., PCP). Additional sections delve into pulmonary embolism (including Virchow’s Triad, D-dimer, Westermark and Fleischer signs), neoplastic lung diseases (NSCLC, SCLC, paraneoplastic syndromes), interstitial lung diseases (IPF, sarcoidosis, Wegener's), and environmental exposures (asbestosis, pneumoconiosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis). Core concepts like FEV1/FVC interpretation, pleural tap diagnostics, radiographic findings, and clinical signs such as egophony, clubbing, and tactile fremitus are clearly explained. Ideal for medical students, nursing students, PA programs, and allied health students in internal medicine, pulmonology, infectious disease, or radiology rotations. This resource is also suited for board review and OSCE prep. Keywords: pneumothorax, pleural effusion, hemothorax, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, tuberculosis, interstitial lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, Wegener’s, D-dimer, PET scan, FEV1/FVC, COPD, restrictive lung disease, lung cancer, SCLC, NSCLC, pleurocentesis, pneumoconiosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary vasculitis, respiratory infections