Urology/Renal IM EORE (Internal Medicine) | 37 Questions | BPH, AKI, UTIs, Nephrotic, Stones | 2025

This expert-verified flashcard resource includes 37 high-yield Q&A items for the Urology and Renal section of the Internal Medicine End-of-Rotation Exam (IM EORE), fully aligned with the 2025 academic year. Designed for rapid review and clinical reinforcement, it comprehensively addresses the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of common genitourinary and nephrological conditions. Renal pathologies are covered in-depth: Acute kidney injury (AKI) with its pre-renal, intrinsic, and post-renal causes, lab patterns (e.g., BUN/Cr ratio, urine sodium), and treatment approaches. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages and GFR thresholds are reviewed alongside complications such as anemia, HTN, and uremia, with management using EPO, ACEi, dialysis, and desmopressin for uremic bleeding. Acid-base disturbances are neatly summarized, including metabolic and respiratory acidosis/alkalosis, compensation mechanisms, and ABG interpretation. Common urinary tract infections (UTIs) are addressed: Urethritis (gonorrhea, chlamydia), pyelonephritis, and cystitis, with hallmark symptoms (e.g., dysuria, CVA tenderness) and first-line treatments (fluoroquinolones, ceftriaxone, doxycycline). Prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are differentiated by presentation and managed with alpha-blockers, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, or antibiotics. High-yield coverage of renal calculi includes: Most common types (calcium oxalate), clinical signs (flank pain, hematuria), diagnostic tools (helical CT, UA), and treatment based on stone size (e.g., Tamsulosin, lithotripsy). Preventive strategies include dietary modification, thiazides, and allopurinol. Glomerular and interstitial disorders: Glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome are discussed with hallmark findings like tea-colored urine, proteinuria >3.5g/day, and treatment with ACE inhibitors and steroids. Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), typically drug-induced, includes symptoms such as rash, hematuria, and confusion. Reproductive and urologic pathologies are clearly explained: Hydronephrosis, erectile dysfunction (PDE-5 inhibitors), testicular torsion, varicocele, epididymitis, and hydrocele, with diagnostic imaging (e.g., US) and specific signs (Prehn’s, cremaster reflex) highlighted. Bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma are reviewed for diagnosis (e.g., cystoscopy, CT) and surgical management. This resource is best suited for: PA students preparing for IM EORE Urology and Renal topics Medical students (MD/DO) in internal medicine or nephrology rotations NP and nursing students reviewing urinary and renal systems Exam candidates preparing for PANCE, USMLE Step 2, or COMLEX Compact, clinically focused, and ideal for last-minute revision or structured study. Keywords: AKI, CKD, BPH, prostate cancer, prostatitis, UTI, urethritis, pyelonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, renal calculi, kidney stones, flank pain, lithotripsy, bladder cancer, RCC, erectile dysfunction, varicocele, hydrocele, testicular torsion, Prehn sign, urinary retention, dialysis, ACE inhibitors, EPO, metabolic acidosis