AAMC FL 1 Bio Essential Core Concepts Final EXAM REVIEW WITH EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT SOLUTIONS UPDATED 2026/2027 ALREADY GRADED A+!!100% GUARANTEED PASS!!!<<BRAND NEW VERSION>>

This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "The structure, growth, physiology, and genetics of prokaryotes and viruses." The answer to this question is B because DNA replication is semi-conservative. Therefore, after the first round of cell division the genome mass in each bacterium will be 5.45 fg (one DNA strand will contain 15N and the other strand 14N). Following the second round of cell division, half of the bacteria will have a genome mass of 5.4 fg (14N exclusively) and the other half a mass genome of 5.45 fg (14N in one DNA strand and 15N in the other). This is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you need to work with the scientific model of DNA replication. Assume that K and M are two unlinked genes that affect hearing. The dominant K allele is necessary for hearing, and the dominant M allele causes deafness regardless of the other genes present. Given this, what fraction of the offspring of parents with the genotypes KkMm and Kkmm will most likely be deaf? A.1/4 B.3/8 C.1/2 D.5/8 - ANSWER Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Transmission of heritable information from generation to generation and the processes that increase genetic diversity." The answer to this question is D, because among the offspring of KkMm and Kkmm parents, the ones who lack a dominant K allele (necessary for hearing), or carry a dominant M allele (causes deafness) are deaf. Based on the Punnett square analysis, 10 out of 16 or 5/8 of all offspring are likely to be deaf. This is Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because it requires you to calculate the number of offspring with a particular phenotype from a parental cross. An RNA molecule has 1500 bases. What is the maximum number of amino acids it can encode? A.500 B.1000 C.1500 D.4500 - ANSWER Solution: The correct answer is A. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure and function of proteins and their constituent amino acids." The answer is A because ornithine decarboxylase is an enzyme and enzymes are catalysts. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you must use knowledge about the role of enzymes in chemical reactions to solve the problem. The ornithine decarboxylase reaction has been studied extensively by biomedical researchers. The most likely reason for the interest of these researchers is that the reaction is: A.a good source of ornithine. B.an early event in cell division. C.unique to mammals. D.one in which a chiral reactant is converted to an achiral product. - ANSWER Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Structure and integrative functions of the main organ systems." The answer to this question is C because the stem states that exercise promotes the insulin-independent uptake of glucose and thus it will reduce blood glucose levels both in patients with impaired production of insulin (type 1 diabetes), and in patients who do not respond to insulin (type 2 diabetes). This is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to make a prediction about the role of exercise on reduction of blood glucose levels. During the production of insulin, the translated polypeptide is cleaved into the mature form and secreted from the cell. The cleavage most likely takes place in which of the following locations? A.Nucleus B.Ribosomes C.Endomembrane system D.Cytoplasm - ANSWER This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Assemblies of molecules, cells, and groups of cells within single cellular and multicellular organisms." The answer to this question is C because secreted proteins such as insulin are cleaved into mature form within endomembrane system. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because it relates to assumed knowledge regarding the role of endomembrane system in processing of secreted proteins. endomembrane system - ANSWER the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes, among others. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Transmission of genetic information from the gene to the protein." The answer to this question is B, because the passage states that in mammals and other organisms ornithine decarboxylase participates in early events in cell division. This is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because it requires you to hypothesize about a testable research question. The statement that the ornithine decarboxylase assay is highly specific means that it: A.requires radioactive ornithine of high specific activity. B.generates diaminobutane of high specific activity. C.an distinguish ornithine decarboxylase activity from the many other enzymatic reactions in a cell. D.can measure the small amount of ornithine present in a cell. - ANSWER Solution: The correct answer is C. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure and function of proteins and their constituent amino acids." The answer to this question is C because enzymes such as ornithine decarboxylase are highly specific both in the reactions that they catalyze and in their choice of substrates and therefore catalyze only a single chemical reaction or occasionally a set of closely related reactions. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question as it relates to assumed knowledge regarding enzyme specificity. In the example of the alcoholic in the passage, the presence of alcohol caused death because the alcohol: A.denatured the cP-450. B.inhibited the cP-450. C.decreased the concentration of cP-450. D.increased the concentration of cP-450. - ANSWER Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Transmission of genetic information from the gene to the protein." The answer to this question is A because each amino acid is encoded by three bases, so 1500/3 is 500, which is the maximum of amino acids the RNA molecule can encode. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles because it addresses basic concepts of gene to protein knowledge. Based on the data presented in the passage, which statement best describes the HSP110ΔE9 allele? A.Cancer-promoting and dominant to HSP110WT B.Cancer-promoting and recessive to HSP110WT C.Cancer-suppressing and dominant to HSP110WT D.Cancer-suppressing and recessive to HSP110WT - ANSWER Solution: The correct answer is C. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Transmission of genetic information from the gene to the protein." The answer to this question is C. According to Figure 1, as compared to HSP110WT, HSP110ΔE9 slows tumor growth, and thus, it is cancer-suppressing. According to the data in Table 2, HSP110ΔE9 counteracts the ability of HSP110WT to prevent protein aggregation and prevent apoptosis; thus, the HSP110ΔE9 allele is dominant to the HSP110WT allele. This is a Data-based and Statistical Reasoning question as it required interpretation of data in Figure 1 and Table 2. Cancer causes rapid cell division, usually with some broken DNA repair machinery. This causes tons of mutations within the genome. This is likely how HSP110 gets mutated in the first place. There is probably a more complicated mechanism behind this, but we don't get that information from the passage. Normal HSP110 in a healthy cell helps protein folding. This helps the cell grow and divide, among other things. Cancer cells want to grow and divide, so they like to have normal HSP110. Unfortunately for them, they have a mutated HSP110 that makes it harder for proteins to properly fold. This makes it harder for cancer cells to grow and divide, even killing some of the cancerous cells, which leads to a smaller tumor volume in mutated HSP110. In this sense, HSP110 is a safeguard against cancer. It helps cells function normally. When HSP110 gets mutated (like in cancer), then it won't function properly and sometimes lead to cell death, or at least stunting growth. Dominant because Xx and XX have basically the same effect Based on the passage, in MSI CRC primary tumor cells, the size of the deletion in the HSP110 T17 microsatellite is inversely correlated with: A.the amount of HSP110ΔE9 protein expressed. B.the number of mature HSP110WT transcripts synthesized. C.the frequency of the omission of HSP110 Exon 9 during splicing. D.the extent of premature translation termination in Exon 10. - ANSWER Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Transmission of genetic information from the gene to the protein." The answer to this question is B. According to Table 1, as the size of the deletion increases, the amount of HSP110ΔE9 and HSP110WT transcripts synthesized increase and decrease, respectively. This is an inverse relationship. This is a Data-based and Statistical Reasoning question as it required interpretation of data in Table 1. A man with a CRC mutation that results in the synthesis of HSP110ΔE9 and a woman that does not carry this mutation in any of her tissues have a child. What is the percent chance that the child will inherit the CRC mutation? A.0% B.25% C.50% D.100% - ANSWER Solution: The correct answer is A. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Transmission of heritable information from generation to generation and the processes that increase genetic diversity." The answer to this question is A. According to the passage, HSP110ΔE9 transcripts are not present in noncancerous tissue of people with MSI CRC. This means that the deletion mutation in the HSP110 T17 microsatellite is a somatic, not germ line, mutation. Therefore, the mutation will not be inherited, and the percent chance that the child of a person with this mutation will inherit it is 0%. This is Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because it asks you to predict the heritability of the mutation described in the passage. Which nucleotide pairing(s) would be recognized by the MMR system during DNA replication? dTMP and dCMP dGMP and dAMP dAMP and dTMP A.I only B.III only C.I and II only D.I, II, and III - ANSWER Solution: The correct answer is C. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Transmission of genetic information from the gene to the protein." The answer to this question is C. The MMR system recognizes and repairs nucleotide mismatches during DNA replication. The nucleotide pairs dTMP and dCMP (I) and dGMP and dAMP (II) are mismatches. dAMP and dTMP (III) is a correct pairing. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles because it requires assumed knowledge of nucleotide pairing during DNA replication The information in the passage best supports the conclusion that Intron 8 of HSP110 most likely contains which of the following? A.Stop codon B.Splice acceptor site C.HSP110 gene promoter D.Partial coding sequence of HSP110 - ANSWER Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Transmission of genetic information from the gene to the protein." The answer to this question is B. Deletions in the T17 microsatellite located in Intron 8 of HSP110 cause Exon 9 to be omitted from the final mRNA sequence during pre-mRNA processing. This would occur during alternative splicing, which strongly suggests that the microsatellite contains sequences that influence splicing. This is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you need to evaluate which genetic feature correctly relates to the information presented on Intron 8 in the passage. introns - ANSWER do not code for proteins Exons - ANSWER expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein splice acceptor site - ANSWER Located at the 3' end of the intron, terminates the intron with an AG sequence. According to the information in the passage, HSP110 is most likely which type of protein? A.Adhesion B.Chaperone C.Clathrin D.Enzyme - ANSWER Solution: The correct answer is B. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure and function of proteins and their constituent amino acids." The answer to this question is B because the passage states that HSP110 is a heat shock protein, which facilitates proper protein folding and inhibits the formation of nonfunctional protein aggregates. Proteins that perform this function are chaperone proteins. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles as it relates to assumed knowledge regarding the function of chaperone proteins. adhesion proteins - ANSWER Adhesion proteins are membrane proteins that form junctions between adjacent cells. Clathrin - ANSWER protein that coats the inward-facing surface of the plasma membrane and assists in the formation of specialized structures, like coated pits, for phagocytosis chaperone proteins - ANSWER assist in folding other proteins Which amino acid, in addition to tryptophan, is most likely to be transported by AT1? A.Phenylalanine B.Lysine C.Arginine D.Glutamate - ANSWER Solution: The correct answer is A. This is a Biochemistry question that falls under the content category "Structure and function of proteins and their constituent amino acids." The answer is A because phenylalanine is a neutral amino acid just like tryptophan and shares an aromatic structure. This means it is most likely to be recognized by the same transport machinery. This is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you are asked to draw a comparison using knowledge of amino acid structure. Based on the information in the passage, a mature AT1 mRNA is most likely to contain a sequence coding for which genetic factor(s)? A.Signal sequence B.Introns C.Promoter D.Nuclear localization signal - ANSWER Solution: The correct answer is A. This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Assemblies of molecules, cells, and groups of cells within single cellular and multicellular organisms." The answer to this question is A. The passage indicates that AT1 is a transmembrane protein. Transmembrane proteins enter the endomembrane system by docking at the rough ER. This is facilitated by using a signal sequence. Mature mRNAs are not likely to contain introns (B) or promoter sequences (C). A nuclear localization signal permits proteins to enter the nucleus. This is not likely for a transmembrane protein (D). This is a Scientific Reasoning and Problem Solving question because you are asked to predict which genetic factor is coded for by a se