MDC 2 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Benign cells - ANS Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features - ANS o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - ANS healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - ANS o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
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,o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - ANS indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result
in death
Malignant cell features - ANS o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - ANS o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - ANS o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - ANS Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
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,Promotion - ANS Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - ANS Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis - ANS Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - ANS cancer development
Cancer classification - ANS o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - ANS Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer
cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - ANS Number of chromosomes
Staging - ANS How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - ANS o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
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, Doubling time and mitotic index - ANS Period of time required for that quantity to double in
size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary - ANS o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary - ANS o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary - ANS People who are already affected and getting treatment
(examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers - ANS carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
Carcinoma - ANS malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma - ANS malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma - ANS pigment producing skin cancer
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Benign cells - ANS Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features - ANS o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - ANS healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - ANS o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - ANS indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result
in death
Malignant cell features - ANS o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - ANS o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - ANS o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - ANS Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Promotion - ANS Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - ANS Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis - ANS Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - ANS cancer development
Cancer classification - ANS o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - ANS Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer
cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - ANS Number of chromosomes
Staging - ANS How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - ANS o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Doubling time and mitotic index - ANS Period of time required for that quantity to double in
size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary - ANS o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary - ANS o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary - ANS People who are already affected and getting treatment
(examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers - ANS carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
Carcinoma - ANS malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma - ANS malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma - ANS pigment producing skin cancer
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
