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BIOL 1108
BIOL 1108: Exam 4 - Principles of Biology II (Latest 2026/ 2027
Update) Review| 100% Verified Questions & Answer| Grade A.
What is diabetes? - ANS body's ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is
impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of
glucose in the blood and urine
Diabetes and chronic illensses - ANS fastest growing chronic illness in the US
What are the two types of digestion? - ANS Mechanical and Chemical Breakdown
Chemical Breakdown digestion - ANS enzymes
What are enzymes? - ANS -proteins that bring substrates (molecules) together or hold
them in positions that make it "easier" to form product
-catalysts
-used over and over
-temperature dependent
-concentration dependent
How does an increase in temperature affect enzymes? - ANS increases the rate of
reaction until denaturation
BIOL 1108
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BIOL 1108
How does the concentration of substrates affect enzymes? - ANS increase in substrate =
increase in rate of reaction but eventually will level off when all reaction sites are filled
Induced Fit Model - ANS Enzyme shape changes upon substrate binding.
-high specifity
What is mechanical breakdown? - ANS includes chewing, mixing food with saliva,
churning food in stomach, and segmentation
Mouth/tongue - ANS this is where we use our teeth to grind up food into pieces small
enough to swallow. The increase in the surface area also makes it easier to start
enzymatic breakdown
salivary glands - ANS this adds moisture to the food and makes it slipperier and easier to
swallow. Saliva also adds amylase to food which will start the breakdown of starch
Esophagus - ANS the muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Stomach - ANS a muscular organ that squishes up food and mixes it around with
stomach acid (HCl) and bile to start chemically breaking down food into monomers
Liver - ANS food doesn't pass through the liver, but it makes bile which helps break
down fats
Gallbladder - ANS stores the bile until its needed in the stomach
Pancreas - ANS makes a LOT of enzymes that are secreted into the small intestines.
When your pancreas isn't functioning correctly, that can cause major problems for
BIOL 1108
, 3
BIOL 1108
digestion. It will also be extremely important when we talk about glucoregulation but
for other reasons
Small Intestine - ANS the ONLY place where the nutrients from our food are absorbed
into the blood stream. A lot of chemical digestion happens as food moves through this
22 ft tube as well. It's good that it is so long so that we can maximize absorption.
Large Intestine - ANS this is where water is reabsorbed by our body
Appendix - ANS doesn't do anything
rectum - ANS where waste accumulates until it exits
anus - ANS The end of the road. Hahaha
What doe enzymes do? - ANS 1. Help signal transduction; makes sures cells know what
do/when to do
2. Break down large molecules
3. Help generate ATP (ATP synthase)
4. Movement of enzymes across plasma membrane
5. Perform biochemical reactions
6. Reorganize the internal structure of the cell to regulate cellular activities
What does enzymes making things "easier" mean - ANS the energy it takes to bring the
substrates together or the energy required to break a substrate apart
-lowers activation energy
BIOL 1108
BIOL 1108
BIOL 1108: Exam 4 - Principles of Biology II (Latest 2026/ 2027
Update) Review| 100% Verified Questions & Answer| Grade A.
What is diabetes? - ANS body's ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is
impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of
glucose in the blood and urine
Diabetes and chronic illensses - ANS fastest growing chronic illness in the US
What are the two types of digestion? - ANS Mechanical and Chemical Breakdown
Chemical Breakdown digestion - ANS enzymes
What are enzymes? - ANS -proteins that bring substrates (molecules) together or hold
them in positions that make it "easier" to form product
-catalysts
-used over and over
-temperature dependent
-concentration dependent
How does an increase in temperature affect enzymes? - ANS increases the rate of
reaction until denaturation
BIOL 1108
, 2
BIOL 1108
How does the concentration of substrates affect enzymes? - ANS increase in substrate =
increase in rate of reaction but eventually will level off when all reaction sites are filled
Induced Fit Model - ANS Enzyme shape changes upon substrate binding.
-high specifity
What is mechanical breakdown? - ANS includes chewing, mixing food with saliva,
churning food in stomach, and segmentation
Mouth/tongue - ANS this is where we use our teeth to grind up food into pieces small
enough to swallow. The increase in the surface area also makes it easier to start
enzymatic breakdown
salivary glands - ANS this adds moisture to the food and makes it slipperier and easier to
swallow. Saliva also adds amylase to food which will start the breakdown of starch
Esophagus - ANS the muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Stomach - ANS a muscular organ that squishes up food and mixes it around with
stomach acid (HCl) and bile to start chemically breaking down food into monomers
Liver - ANS food doesn't pass through the liver, but it makes bile which helps break
down fats
Gallbladder - ANS stores the bile until its needed in the stomach
Pancreas - ANS makes a LOT of enzymes that are secreted into the small intestines.
When your pancreas isn't functioning correctly, that can cause major problems for
BIOL 1108
, 3
BIOL 1108
digestion. It will also be extremely important when we talk about glucoregulation but
for other reasons
Small Intestine - ANS the ONLY place where the nutrients from our food are absorbed
into the blood stream. A lot of chemical digestion happens as food moves through this
22 ft tube as well. It's good that it is so long so that we can maximize absorption.
Large Intestine - ANS this is where water is reabsorbed by our body
Appendix - ANS doesn't do anything
rectum - ANS where waste accumulates until it exits
anus - ANS The end of the road. Hahaha
What doe enzymes do? - ANS 1. Help signal transduction; makes sures cells know what
do/when to do
2. Break down large molecules
3. Help generate ATP (ATP synthase)
4. Movement of enzymes across plasma membrane
5. Perform biochemical reactions
6. Reorganize the internal structure of the cell to regulate cellular activities
What does enzymes making things "easier" mean - ANS the energy it takes to bring the
substrates together or the energy required to break a substrate apart
-lowers activation energy
BIOL 1108
