WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
Lost productivity - answer one measure of the cost to society due to injury or disease;
includes the loss of wages a person would have earned if they had not become
unemployable due to disability, loss of taxes contributing to economy, costs to the
government of supporting the individual, etc.; lost productivity costs do not include cost of
treatment and support post-injury or illness
Acquired brain injury (abi) - answer an injury to the brain that is not hereditary,
congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma
Traumatic brain injury (tbi) - answer an alteration in brain function, or other evidence
of brain pathology, caused by an external force
Traumatic impact - answer injuries resulting from contact (when head is struck by or
against an object)
Traumatic intertial injuries - answer injury to the brain not caused by impact but as a
result of inertial forces, such as acceleration-deceleration forces
Closed injuries - answer injury to the brain resulting in brain lacerations, contusions or
intracerebral hemorrhage
Open injuries - answer injury to the head in which there is a breach of the skull or a
breach of the meninges
Penetrating brain injury - answer any injury that involves the penetration of a foreign
object, munitions, fragment, bone chip, etc. Through the dura mater
1
,Non-traumatic brain injury - answer damage to the brain caused by internal factors,
such as oxygen or nutrient deprivation to brain cells, exposure to toxins, pressure from a
tumor or blockage, or other neurological disorder
Coup-contrecoup injury - answer coup injury: head injury that results from impact of a
moving object--occurs at the site of impact
Contrecoup effect: impact injury resulting from the moving head striking a stationary object-
-injury occurs at the side of the head opposite the point of impact
Primary injury - answer initial cause of damage to the brain, from which injury severity
ratings are obtained
Secondary injury - answer pathophysiological events that occur following the initial
primary injury to the brain
Loss of consciousness (loc) - answer temporary altered state, unlike sleep, when a
person is unresponsive to stimuli; usually due to trauma, stroke, or other injury
Risk factors for brain injury - answer injury severity
Age at injury
Alcohol misuse
Domestic violence
Service in the military
Participation in sports
History of prior brain injury
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (cte) - answer a condition, diagnosed after death,
relative to multiple concussions caused by significant force. A progressive degenerative
2
,disease, cte is most often sustained by athletes participating in contact sports; may also be
observed in domestic violence victims or abused children who have sustained numerous
blows to the head
Neurogenic bladder - answer a secondary condition caused when a tbi affects the
cerebral structures controlling bladder storage and emptying functions
Spasticity - answer involuntary, abnormal motor patterns; may interfere with a
person's general functioning, self-care, and mobility
Activities of daily living (adls) - answer dressing, eating, showering, toileting, walking
Post-traumatic immune paralysis - answer acute period after sustaining significant
bodily trauma, when the immune response is significantly impaired; frequently associated
with the high prevalence of potentially life-threatening infections post-injury
Computed tomography (ct) - answer a cross-sectional series of x-rays used to view
body organs, allowing medical professionals to view the scans in multiple individual layers;
some scans can be reconstructed into a 3d image
Magnetic resonance imaging (mri) - answer a technique that uses a magnetic field and
radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body
Diffusion tensor imaging (dti) - answer an mri method that maps the diffusion of
molecules, primarily water, in a person's body non-invasively
Acceleration-deceleration forces - answer sudden impact following a high velocity of
speed, frequently resulting in brain injury
Intracranial pressure (icp) - answer pressure inside the skull from the brain and csf.
Pressure may vary due to production and absorption of csf following injury.
3
, Subdural hematoma (sdh) - answer bleeding into the space between the dura mater
and the arachnoid layers of the meninges
Hydrocephalus - answer abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the
ventricles of the brain
Diffuse axonal injury (dai) - answer brain injury occurring when the white matter tracts
are stretched and broken, resulting in extensive, widespread damage
Hypoxia/anoxia - answer decrease in/absence of oxygen getting to the brain; results in
cell death
Major descending nerve tracts - answer -anterior corticospinal tract
-lateral corticospinal tract
-rubrospinal tract
-tectospinal tract
Major ascending nerve tracts - answer -fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis
-lissauer's tract
-anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
-spinothalamic tracts
-spinoreticular tract
-spinotectal tract
Neuroprotection - answer preservation of neuronal functioning and structure;
reducing the rate of neuronal loss over time; refers to the ability of a drug or biological agent
to prevent brain cells from dying
4
Lost productivity - answer one measure of the cost to society due to injury or disease;
includes the loss of wages a person would have earned if they had not become
unemployable due to disability, loss of taxes contributing to economy, costs to the
government of supporting the individual, etc.; lost productivity costs do not include cost of
treatment and support post-injury or illness
Acquired brain injury (abi) - answer an injury to the brain that is not hereditary,
congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma
Traumatic brain injury (tbi) - answer an alteration in brain function, or other evidence
of brain pathology, caused by an external force
Traumatic impact - answer injuries resulting from contact (when head is struck by or
against an object)
Traumatic intertial injuries - answer injury to the brain not caused by impact but as a
result of inertial forces, such as acceleration-deceleration forces
Closed injuries - answer injury to the brain resulting in brain lacerations, contusions or
intracerebral hemorrhage
Open injuries - answer injury to the head in which there is a breach of the skull or a
breach of the meninges
Penetrating brain injury - answer any injury that involves the penetration of a foreign
object, munitions, fragment, bone chip, etc. Through the dura mater
1
,Non-traumatic brain injury - answer damage to the brain caused by internal factors,
such as oxygen or nutrient deprivation to brain cells, exposure to toxins, pressure from a
tumor or blockage, or other neurological disorder
Coup-contrecoup injury - answer coup injury: head injury that results from impact of a
moving object--occurs at the site of impact
Contrecoup effect: impact injury resulting from the moving head striking a stationary object-
-injury occurs at the side of the head opposite the point of impact
Primary injury - answer initial cause of damage to the brain, from which injury severity
ratings are obtained
Secondary injury - answer pathophysiological events that occur following the initial
primary injury to the brain
Loss of consciousness (loc) - answer temporary altered state, unlike sleep, when a
person is unresponsive to stimuli; usually due to trauma, stroke, or other injury
Risk factors for brain injury - answer injury severity
Age at injury
Alcohol misuse
Domestic violence
Service in the military
Participation in sports
History of prior brain injury
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (cte) - answer a condition, diagnosed after death,
relative to multiple concussions caused by significant force. A progressive degenerative
2
,disease, cte is most often sustained by athletes participating in contact sports; may also be
observed in domestic violence victims or abused children who have sustained numerous
blows to the head
Neurogenic bladder - answer a secondary condition caused when a tbi affects the
cerebral structures controlling bladder storage and emptying functions
Spasticity - answer involuntary, abnormal motor patterns; may interfere with a
person's general functioning, self-care, and mobility
Activities of daily living (adls) - answer dressing, eating, showering, toileting, walking
Post-traumatic immune paralysis - answer acute period after sustaining significant
bodily trauma, when the immune response is significantly impaired; frequently associated
with the high prevalence of potentially life-threatening infections post-injury
Computed tomography (ct) - answer a cross-sectional series of x-rays used to view
body organs, allowing medical professionals to view the scans in multiple individual layers;
some scans can be reconstructed into a 3d image
Magnetic resonance imaging (mri) - answer a technique that uses a magnetic field and
radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body
Diffusion tensor imaging (dti) - answer an mri method that maps the diffusion of
molecules, primarily water, in a person's body non-invasively
Acceleration-deceleration forces - answer sudden impact following a high velocity of
speed, frequently resulting in brain injury
Intracranial pressure (icp) - answer pressure inside the skull from the brain and csf.
Pressure may vary due to production and absorption of csf following injury.
3
, Subdural hematoma (sdh) - answer bleeding into the space between the dura mater
and the arachnoid layers of the meninges
Hydrocephalus - answer abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the
ventricles of the brain
Diffuse axonal injury (dai) - answer brain injury occurring when the white matter tracts
are stretched and broken, resulting in extensive, widespread damage
Hypoxia/anoxia - answer decrease in/absence of oxygen getting to the brain; results in
cell death
Major descending nerve tracts - answer -anterior corticospinal tract
-lateral corticospinal tract
-rubrospinal tract
-tectospinal tract
Major ascending nerve tracts - answer -fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis
-lissauer's tract
-anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
-spinothalamic tracts
-spinoreticular tract
-spinotectal tract
Neuroprotection - answer preservation of neuronal functioning and structure;
reducing the rate of neuronal loss over time; refers to the ability of a drug or biological agent
to prevent brain cells from dying
4
