OMK4 Exam Q&A (40+) | Cancer Immunity, Metabolic Reprogramming, Pharmacogenetics, GWAS | 2025/2026 | Oncology & Genomic Medicine

This document contains 40+ expertly solved exam questions for OMK Week 43, focused on cancer biology, tumor immunology, metabolic pathways in malignancy, and genomic medicine, as covered in the 2025/2026 curriculum at [University Name]. Structured around PLOs/LOs from multiple lecturers, it offers clinically relevant answers to key mechanisms and concepts essential for medical exams and practical application. Key areas covered include: Tumor Immunology & Surveillance: The role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer (NK) cells, tumor antigens (TSAs, TAAs), and the immune system’s mechanisms for detecting and eliminating cancer cells. Immune Evasion: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and tumor strategies to escape immune destruction. Cancer Therapy Mechanisms: Immunotherapies such as checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T-cell therapy, and tumor antigen vaccines, including explanations for therapeutic resistance or failure. Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer: Warburg effect, mitochondrial metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, and roles of PI3K, mTOR, AMPK in tumor cell energetics. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes: Their involvement in transformation, genetic instability, and hereditary cancer syndromes (e.g., Lynch syndrome, two-hit hypothesis). Pharmacogenetics & Pharmacogenomics: How germline and somatic variants influence drug response and dose adjustment. Genomic Tools: High-throughput sequencing, RNA-seq, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), and interpretation of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), polygenic risk scores, and allelic variants on genetic testing platforms. This resource is ideal for: Medical students preparing for block exams in oncology, genetics, and immunology Learners studying for COMLEX, NBME/STEP 1, OSPE/OSCE exams with genetics and cancer content Students in biomedical sciences or pharmacy programs focused on molecular therapeutics and personalized medicine Anyone needing concise, exam-aligned material on the bridge between clinical oncology and molecular biology The structure ensures clarity in understanding tumor biology from both the clinical and molecular-genomic perspectives. Keywords: OMK4, tumor antigens, immune surveillance, CTLs, NK cells, immune evasion, TAMs, MDSCs, checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T therapy, tumor metabolism, Warburg effect, mTOR, AMPK, PI3K, pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, SNP, GWAS, polygenic risk score, high-throughput sequencing, RNA-seq, Lynch syndrome, tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, two-hit hypothesis, somatic mutations, germline polymorphisms, cancer immunotherapy, OMK oncology, genomics in medicine