NURS 231 Unit 4 :NURS 231 Unit 4
Pathophysiology:Study Guide :Latest
Updated A+ Score Guide
/. What type of epithelium lines the conducting passageways of the respiratory tract? -
Answer-✅Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
/.What is the primary function of the respiratory epithelium? - Answer-✅To condition air
prior to reaching the alveoli by warming, cleaning, and humidifying it.
/.What type of cells are type I pneumocytes? - Answer-✅Simple squamous epithelium.
/.What is the role of type II pneumocytes? - Answer-✅To produce surfactant.
/.At what gestational age are type II pneumocytes physiologically mature? - Answer-
✅26 weeks gestation.
/.What condition is caused by insufficient surfactant in newborns? - Answer-
✅Respiratory distress syndrome.
/.What is the function of alveolar macrophages? - Answer-✅To ingest particulate matter
in the alveolus.
/.What is the structure of the respiratory membrane? - Answer-✅A thin, trilaminar
structure composed of simple squamous cells of the alveolus, interstitial tissue, and
simple squamous cells of pulmonary capillary endothelium.
/.Define lung compliance. - Answer-✅Volume change of lung per unit pressure change.
/.What does increased lung compliance indicate? - Answer-✅Flimsy lung tissue, as
seen in emphysema.
/.What does decreased lung compliance indicate? - Answer-✅Stiff lung tissue, as seen
in fibrosis.
/.What does Poiseuille's Law describe? - Answer-✅The relationship between
resistance, pressure, and flow in the airways.
, /.What happens when B2 adrenergic receptors are stimulated? - Answer-✅Smooth
muscle relaxation and bronchodilation occur, decreasing resistance to airflow.
/.What effect do muscarinic cholinergic receptors have on bronchioles? - Answer-
✅They induce smooth muscle contraction and bronchoconstriction, increasing
resistance to airflow.
/.What is status asthmaticus? - Answer-✅A severe asthma attack that does not respond
to standard treatments.
/.What are the characteristics of asthma? - Answer-✅Airway narrowing, bronchospasm,
mucosal edema, and hypersecretion of viscous mucus.
/.What are the two types of asthma? - Answer-✅Allergic (extrinsic) and idiopathic
(intrinsic).
/.What is the primary pathology in obstructive lung diseases? - Answer-✅Increased
resistance to airflow and decreased maximal airflow rates.
/.What are common examples of obstructive airway diseases? - Answer-✅Asthma,
chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
/.What is the role of bronchodilators in asthma treatment? - Answer-✅To relax bronchial
smooth muscle and improve airflow.
/.What is the function of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in asthma treatment? - Answer-
✅To increase levels of intracellular cyclic AMP, prolonging smooth muscle relaxation.
/.What is the effect of cigarette smoke on elastase activity? - Answer-✅It increases
elastase activity and decreases anti-elastase activity, leading to elastin breakdown.
/.What does 'shunting of blood' refer to in the context of pulmonary circulation? -
Answer-✅Blood passing through the pulmonary circuit that did not become saturated
with oxygen.
/.What is the role of the placenta in fetal blood oxygenation? - Answer-✅The placenta
facilitates gas exchange between maternal circulation and fetal blood.
/.What does a low V/Q ratio indicate? - Answer-✅Inadequate ventilation, often seen in
conditions like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pneumonia.
/.What does a high V/Q ratio indicate? - Answer-✅Decreased perfusion, commonly
associated with pulmonary embolism.
Pathophysiology:Study Guide :Latest
Updated A+ Score Guide
/. What type of epithelium lines the conducting passageways of the respiratory tract? -
Answer-✅Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
/.What is the primary function of the respiratory epithelium? - Answer-✅To condition air
prior to reaching the alveoli by warming, cleaning, and humidifying it.
/.What type of cells are type I pneumocytes? - Answer-✅Simple squamous epithelium.
/.What is the role of type II pneumocytes? - Answer-✅To produce surfactant.
/.At what gestational age are type II pneumocytes physiologically mature? - Answer-
✅26 weeks gestation.
/.What condition is caused by insufficient surfactant in newborns? - Answer-
✅Respiratory distress syndrome.
/.What is the function of alveolar macrophages? - Answer-✅To ingest particulate matter
in the alveolus.
/.What is the structure of the respiratory membrane? - Answer-✅A thin, trilaminar
structure composed of simple squamous cells of the alveolus, interstitial tissue, and
simple squamous cells of pulmonary capillary endothelium.
/.Define lung compliance. - Answer-✅Volume change of lung per unit pressure change.
/.What does increased lung compliance indicate? - Answer-✅Flimsy lung tissue, as
seen in emphysema.
/.What does decreased lung compliance indicate? - Answer-✅Stiff lung tissue, as seen
in fibrosis.
/.What does Poiseuille's Law describe? - Answer-✅The relationship between
resistance, pressure, and flow in the airways.
, /.What happens when B2 adrenergic receptors are stimulated? - Answer-✅Smooth
muscle relaxation and bronchodilation occur, decreasing resistance to airflow.
/.What effect do muscarinic cholinergic receptors have on bronchioles? - Answer-
✅They induce smooth muscle contraction and bronchoconstriction, increasing
resistance to airflow.
/.What is status asthmaticus? - Answer-✅A severe asthma attack that does not respond
to standard treatments.
/.What are the characteristics of asthma? - Answer-✅Airway narrowing, bronchospasm,
mucosal edema, and hypersecretion of viscous mucus.
/.What are the two types of asthma? - Answer-✅Allergic (extrinsic) and idiopathic
(intrinsic).
/.What is the primary pathology in obstructive lung diseases? - Answer-✅Increased
resistance to airflow and decreased maximal airflow rates.
/.What are common examples of obstructive airway diseases? - Answer-✅Asthma,
chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
/.What is the role of bronchodilators in asthma treatment? - Answer-✅To relax bronchial
smooth muscle and improve airflow.
/.What is the function of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in asthma treatment? - Answer-
✅To increase levels of intracellular cyclic AMP, prolonging smooth muscle relaxation.
/.What is the effect of cigarette smoke on elastase activity? - Answer-✅It increases
elastase activity and decreases anti-elastase activity, leading to elastin breakdown.
/.What does 'shunting of blood' refer to in the context of pulmonary circulation? -
Answer-✅Blood passing through the pulmonary circuit that did not become saturated
with oxygen.
/.What is the role of the placenta in fetal blood oxygenation? - Answer-✅The placenta
facilitates gas exchange between maternal circulation and fetal blood.
/.What does a low V/Q ratio indicate? - Answer-✅Inadequate ventilation, often seen in
conditions like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pneumonia.
/.What does a high V/Q ratio indicate? - Answer-✅Decreased perfusion, commonly
associated with pulmonary embolism.
