A&P EXAM 4 PRACTICE REVIEW GUIDE // A+ GRADED
PRESENTATION // HUMAN ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
SYSTEM FUNCTIONS CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND
MASTER-LEVEL STUDY PREPARATION // ACADEMIC YEAR
2025/2026
Q: What is temporal summation? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A:
Repeated stimuli producing stronger, additive contractions.
Q: Isometric vs isotonic contraction? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A:
Isometric = no change in length; isotonic = muscle changes length.
Q: Concentric vs eccentric contraction? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A:
Concentric shortens; eccentric lengthens under tension.
Q: How does muscle meet energy demands at rest? - THE CORRECT
ANSWER -A: Aerobic metabolism using fatty acids.
Q: What causes muscle fatigue? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A: ATP
depletion, lactic acid, ion imbalances.
Q: What causes post-exercise oxygen debt? - THE CORRECT
ANSWER -A: Restoring ATP, CP, oxygen stores, and processing
lactate.
Q: Slow-twitch vs fast-twitch fibers? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A:
Slow = endurance, aerobic; Fast = power, anaerobic, fatigue quickly.
Q: Factors influencing muscle strength? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A:
Muscle size, fiber type, motor unit recruitment, stimulation frequency.
, Q: Effects of resistance vs endurance training? - THE CORRECT
ANSWER -A: Resistance → hypertrophy; Endurance → more
mitochondria/capillaries.
Q: Three main functions of the nervous system? - THE CORRECT
ANSWER -A: Sensory input, integration, motor output.
Q: Anatomical divisions of the nervous system? - THE CORRECT
ANSWER -A: CNS and PNS.
Q: Functional divisions of the nervous system? - THE CORRECT
ANSWER -A: Sensory and motor (somatic & autonomic).
Q: Three functional properties of neurons? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -
A: Excitability, conductivity, secretion.
Q: Three basic functional types of neurons? - THE CORRECT ANSWER
-A: Sensory, interneurons, motor.
Q: Main parts of a neuron? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A: Soma,
dendrites, axon, axon terminals.
Q: Structural neuron classes? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A:
Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, anaxonic.
Q: What physiological properties are common to all muscle types? - THE
CORRECT ANSWER -A: Excitability, conductivity, contractility,
extensibility, elasticity.
Q: What are defining characteristics of skeletal muscle? - THE
CORRECT ANSWER -A: Voluntary, striated, multinucleated, attached to
bone, fast-contracting, requires neural input.
PRESENTATION // HUMAN ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
SYSTEM FUNCTIONS CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND
MASTER-LEVEL STUDY PREPARATION // ACADEMIC YEAR
2025/2026
Q: What is temporal summation? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A:
Repeated stimuli producing stronger, additive contractions.
Q: Isometric vs isotonic contraction? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A:
Isometric = no change in length; isotonic = muscle changes length.
Q: Concentric vs eccentric contraction? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A:
Concentric shortens; eccentric lengthens under tension.
Q: How does muscle meet energy demands at rest? - THE CORRECT
ANSWER -A: Aerobic metabolism using fatty acids.
Q: What causes muscle fatigue? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A: ATP
depletion, lactic acid, ion imbalances.
Q: What causes post-exercise oxygen debt? - THE CORRECT
ANSWER -A: Restoring ATP, CP, oxygen stores, and processing
lactate.
Q: Slow-twitch vs fast-twitch fibers? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A:
Slow = endurance, aerobic; Fast = power, anaerobic, fatigue quickly.
Q: Factors influencing muscle strength? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A:
Muscle size, fiber type, motor unit recruitment, stimulation frequency.
, Q: Effects of resistance vs endurance training? - THE CORRECT
ANSWER -A: Resistance → hypertrophy; Endurance → more
mitochondria/capillaries.
Q: Three main functions of the nervous system? - THE CORRECT
ANSWER -A: Sensory input, integration, motor output.
Q: Anatomical divisions of the nervous system? - THE CORRECT
ANSWER -A: CNS and PNS.
Q: Functional divisions of the nervous system? - THE CORRECT
ANSWER -A: Sensory and motor (somatic & autonomic).
Q: Three functional properties of neurons? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -
A: Excitability, conductivity, secretion.
Q: Three basic functional types of neurons? - THE CORRECT ANSWER
-A: Sensory, interneurons, motor.
Q: Main parts of a neuron? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A: Soma,
dendrites, axon, axon terminals.
Q: Structural neuron classes? - THE CORRECT ANSWER -A:
Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, anaxonic.
Q: What physiological properties are common to all muscle types? - THE
CORRECT ANSWER -A: Excitability, conductivity, contractility,
extensibility, elasticity.
Q: What are defining characteristics of skeletal muscle? - THE
CORRECT ANSWER -A: Voluntary, striated, multinucleated, attached to
bone, fast-contracting, requires neural input.
