NURS 5315: Advanced Patho ACTUAL Exam 5 TEST
BANK NEWEST VERSION COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED A+ (The University of Texas
at Arlington )
Big idea:
Hormones and autocoids: local angiotension II.
What is the big idea and Mechanism: Constricts efferent arterioles; increased blood flow;
mechanism for increasing increased GFR.
GFR?
Big idea: Nitric oxide, prostaglandins. bradykinin
Mechanism: Dilate afferent artioarterioles; increased blood flow;
increased GFR.
Big idea: SNS: Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (adrenal
medulla)
What is the big idea and Mechanism: Constricts afferent arterioles, decreases blood flow,
mechanism for decreasing decreased GFR.
GFR?
Big idea: Hormones: endo-thelin (vascular endothelium)
Mechanism: Constricts afferent arterioles, decreased blood flow,
decreased GFR.
Sodium, Chloride, Phosphourous, sodium bicarbonate,
glucose, amino acids, are reabsorbed. Very water
permeable.
What happens in the proximal
tubule? Hydrogen, organic acids, organic bases (metabolic by products,
bile salts, uric acid, catecholamines) are secreted.
Controlled by: Angiotensin II (increased sodium and
H20 absorption) PTH (decreased Phosphorous
reabsorption).
What happens in the thin Small amounts of sodium are reabsorbed. Highly water
descending loop of Henle? permeable.
,What happens in the thin Dilutes filtrate. Highly water permeable.
ascending loop of Henle?
Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
bicarb, are reabsorbed. Impermeable to water; dilutes
filtrate.
What happens in the thick
ascending loop of Henle?
Hydrogen ions are secreted here.
Controlled by angiotensin II (NaCl reabsorption/H+
secretion) Parathyroid hormone (calcium
reabsorption)
Sodium, chloride, calcium, bicarb are reabsorbed here.
Permeable to water. Antidiuretic hormone requires.
What happens in the Potassium, hydrogen, and urea are secreted here.
collecting tubules?
Controlled by aldosterone (increased NaCl and K
secretion) Vasopressin/ADH (increased H20
reabsorption); ANP (decreased Na reabsorption).
Urea and H20 are reabsorbed here.
What happens in the
Vasopressin/ADH. Sodium, potassium,
medullary collecting ducts?
hydrogen, and bicarb are secreted here.
Controlled by vasopressin/ADH (increased H20 absorption).
1. Creatinine clearance.
What labs can assist in 2. Cystatin C
monitoring kidney function? 3. Cells in urine (RBC, WBC, Casts)
4. Biomarkers (NGAL, KIM 1, IL-18, IGF BIP7, TIMP-2, Urokinase)
Reflects GFR
What does creatine clearance
measure? Overestimates
function
, Marker of renal function.
Measures of serum protein filtered by glomerulus and
What does Cystatin C metabolized by tubules.
measure?
a. Elevated level correlates with decreased GFR.
b. Not affected by infection, diet, inflammation, gender, age, or
race.
1. RBCs.
a. Glomerular nephritis.
b. Trauma.
c. Kidney stones.
2. WBC
a. Ingection
3. Casts
a. Coagulated portiens.
i. Cellular debris
1. Acute kidney injury
What do cells in the urine b. RBC
measure?
i. Tubular or glomerular injury.
c. WBC
i. Inflammation
d. Epithelial
i. Tubular injury.
e. Broad waxy
i. Stasis and tubular injury
a. Not a good sign.
a.) NGAL
1. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipcalin (plasma, urine)
b.) KIM 1
1. Kidney injury molecule 1 (urine)
c.) IL-18
What do biomarkers in the 1. Interleukin -18 (urine)
urine measure? d.) IDF BIP7
1. Insulin like growth factor binding protein (urine)
e.) TIMP-2
1. Tissue inhibitor of metallopretinases-2 (urine)
f.) Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor.
, a.) May hypertrophy as compensatory mechanism
i. Kidney donation, trauma, disease
b.) Number of nephrons decreased with age (beginning at age
40)
i. Decreased renal blood flow and GFR.
c.) Tubular atrophy
i. Decreased glucose, bicarb, and sodium reabsorption.
What changes occur in the d. Decreased production of Vitamin D-changes in Calcium
kidney with aging? absorption.
e.) Bladder symptoms more common.
i. Neurogenic changes and other external causes.
1. Hormonal changes
2. Prostatic hypertrophy
3. CV disease
4. Position changes
a. Diurnal nocturia.
BANK NEWEST VERSION COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|ALREADY GRADED A+ (The University of Texas
at Arlington )
Big idea:
Hormones and autocoids: local angiotension II.
What is the big idea and Mechanism: Constricts efferent arterioles; increased blood flow;
mechanism for increasing increased GFR.
GFR?
Big idea: Nitric oxide, prostaglandins. bradykinin
Mechanism: Dilate afferent artioarterioles; increased blood flow;
increased GFR.
Big idea: SNS: Norepinephrine and Epinephrine (adrenal
medulla)
What is the big idea and Mechanism: Constricts afferent arterioles, decreases blood flow,
mechanism for decreasing decreased GFR.
GFR?
Big idea: Hormones: endo-thelin (vascular endothelium)
Mechanism: Constricts afferent arterioles, decreased blood flow,
decreased GFR.
Sodium, Chloride, Phosphourous, sodium bicarbonate,
glucose, amino acids, are reabsorbed. Very water
permeable.
What happens in the proximal
tubule? Hydrogen, organic acids, organic bases (metabolic by products,
bile salts, uric acid, catecholamines) are secreted.
Controlled by: Angiotensin II (increased sodium and
H20 absorption) PTH (decreased Phosphorous
reabsorption).
What happens in the thin Small amounts of sodium are reabsorbed. Highly water
descending loop of Henle? permeable.
,What happens in the thin Dilutes filtrate. Highly water permeable.
ascending loop of Henle?
Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
bicarb, are reabsorbed. Impermeable to water; dilutes
filtrate.
What happens in the thick
ascending loop of Henle?
Hydrogen ions are secreted here.
Controlled by angiotensin II (NaCl reabsorption/H+
secretion) Parathyroid hormone (calcium
reabsorption)
Sodium, chloride, calcium, bicarb are reabsorbed here.
Permeable to water. Antidiuretic hormone requires.
What happens in the Potassium, hydrogen, and urea are secreted here.
collecting tubules?
Controlled by aldosterone (increased NaCl and K
secretion) Vasopressin/ADH (increased H20
reabsorption); ANP (decreased Na reabsorption).
Urea and H20 are reabsorbed here.
What happens in the
Vasopressin/ADH. Sodium, potassium,
medullary collecting ducts?
hydrogen, and bicarb are secreted here.
Controlled by vasopressin/ADH (increased H20 absorption).
1. Creatinine clearance.
What labs can assist in 2. Cystatin C
monitoring kidney function? 3. Cells in urine (RBC, WBC, Casts)
4. Biomarkers (NGAL, KIM 1, IL-18, IGF BIP7, TIMP-2, Urokinase)
Reflects GFR
What does creatine clearance
measure? Overestimates
function
, Marker of renal function.
Measures of serum protein filtered by glomerulus and
What does Cystatin C metabolized by tubules.
measure?
a. Elevated level correlates with decreased GFR.
b. Not affected by infection, diet, inflammation, gender, age, or
race.
1. RBCs.
a. Glomerular nephritis.
b. Trauma.
c. Kidney stones.
2. WBC
a. Ingection
3. Casts
a. Coagulated portiens.
i. Cellular debris
1. Acute kidney injury
What do cells in the urine b. RBC
measure?
i. Tubular or glomerular injury.
c. WBC
i. Inflammation
d. Epithelial
i. Tubular injury.
e. Broad waxy
i. Stasis and tubular injury
a. Not a good sign.
a.) NGAL
1. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipcalin (plasma, urine)
b.) KIM 1
1. Kidney injury molecule 1 (urine)
c.) IL-18
What do biomarkers in the 1. Interleukin -18 (urine)
urine measure? d.) IDF BIP7
1. Insulin like growth factor binding protein (urine)
e.) TIMP-2
1. Tissue inhibitor of metallopretinases-2 (urine)
f.) Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor.
, a.) May hypertrophy as compensatory mechanism
i. Kidney donation, trauma, disease
b.) Number of nephrons decreased with age (beginning at age
40)
i. Decreased renal blood flow and GFR.
c.) Tubular atrophy
i. Decreased glucose, bicarb, and sodium reabsorption.
What changes occur in the d. Decreased production of Vitamin D-changes in Calcium
kidney with aging? absorption.
e.) Bladder symptoms more common.
i. Neurogenic changes and other external causes.
1. Hormonal changes
2. Prostatic hypertrophy
3. CV disease
4. Position changes
a. Diurnal nocturia.
