Text linguistics and stylistics practice exam questions and answers 100% pass solution guaranteed.

Coherence - correct answers Subjective, can be without cohesion (only deductible from situation) Connectivity, continuity, integrity, unity More important than cohesion. There can be coherence without cohesion provided we are familiar with the context of the situation and the relationship between the participants (implicatures, presuppositions). Cohesion - correct answers There can be cohesive elements, but it might be incoherent But, usually, higher level of cohesion helps the coherence. Ellipsis (i wouldn't bother, i really wouldn't, John plays the guitar Mary the violin) Substitution (fresh biscuits, i love these) Repetition (promise, then! I promise) Synonym (you're great, you're awesome) D. Hymes SPEAKING - correct answersSetting, participants, end, act (promise, threat), key (manner, tone), instrumentalities (channel, speech styles), norms, genres Speech event; sender, receiver, code, message, topic, channel, setting Language function; expressive, directive, metalinguistic, poetic, referential, phatic, contextual/situational Dell Hymes's Communicative competence - correct answersCompetencies: linguistic, strategic, sociolinguistic, discourse. Possible (grammar and linguistic correctness), Feasible (strategic competence - what can be decoded/processed), Appropriate (sociolinguistic competence, appropriate to situation/culture), Performed (discourse, what makes sense/can be patterned) Context X Co-text - correct answersContext = other texts, situation, culture (Halliday) - non-verbal (context of culture, context of situation = Malinowski) - verbal (intratextual & intertextual: how does it relate to texts of a similar kind) Co-text = surrounding text Seven standards of textuality (Esser + Beaugrande & Dressler) - correct answersTextuality: criteria that make a text a text. Esser: Text is a communicative unity which meets seven standards of textuality. Otherwise, the text won't be communicative = non-text. - Text oriented (cohesion: relationships in text, semantic grounds, meaningful "glue" & coherence: makes sense) - Psychological (intentionality: producer has an intention & acceptability: receiver can accept it) - Computational (informativity: enriching) - Social (situationality: text and situation in which it develops & intertextuality: reference to or resemblance of other texts) Text oriented standards of textuality - correct answerscohesion: relationships in text, semantic grounds, meaningful "glue" + coherence: makes sense Psychological standards of textuality - correct answersintentionality: producer has an intention + acceptability: receiver can accept it Computational standards of textuality - correct answersinformativity: enriching Social standards of textuality - correct answerssituationality: text and situation in which it develops + intertextuality: reference to or resemblance of other texts Text (Halliday) - correct answersFunctional, not an inventory of words, it is a semantic unit, set in context, not a unit of form. Functionality = the purpose of any text is to convey a message (the function of text is to convey a message). Text is something developed in particular setting and context. Broad perspective, includes both speech and writing. Both product and process. Product of the continuous process of semantic choices from the language system. Features of the context of situation (H&H) - correct answersFIELD (what/play) - type of action, topic, subject matter dealt with, content delivered, message conveyed, transitivity, activity engaged in, the verb is essential, participants + objects and their features + time + evaluation and assessment = Experiential function TENOR (who/player, originally 'style') - relationship between participants and mutual interaction, speech roles, mood (indicative...), discourse function, person, polarity (primary=adressing/secondary=addressed) = Interpersonal function MODE (how/parts) - role played by language, focused on cohesion, connecting and patterning, theme, informal structure, lexical and grammatical cohesion (can be fundamental/constitutive = teaching, or occasional/not essential/ancillary) = Textual function Whenever any of the features changes => the register changes FIELD - correct answerswhat/play - type of action, topic, subject matter dealt with, content delivered, message conveyed, transitivity, activity engaged in, the verb is essential, participants + objects and their features + time + evaluation and assessment = Experiential function TENOR - correct answerswho/player, originally 'style' - relationship between participants and mutual interaction, speech roles, mood (indicative...), discourse function, person, polarity (primary=adressing/secondary=addressed) = Interpersonal function MODE - correct answershow/parts - role played by language, focused on cohesion, connecting and patterning, theme, informal structure, lexical and grammatical cohesion (can be fundamental/constitutive = teaching, or occasional/not essential/ancillary) = Textual function Functions of language/Modes of meaning (H&H) - correct answersIdeational: experiential (external reality, worldly experience, transitivity is important) = FIELD & logical (logical relationships in grammar + logical arrangement of ideas, parataxis and hypotaxis) - transitivity, tense, modification. Interpersonal = TENOR (relationship between the participants, speech roles + mood, primary / secondary) - mood, modality (=illocutionary force), person. Textual = MODE (text building-up function, constructing function, interweaving meaning, privateXpublic, cohesion) - theme, voice (active, passive), determination. Every sentence does these jobs simultaneously. = Multifunctionality. We make inferences from situation to text and vice versa. It establishes expectations. Ideational Function of language - correct answersexperiential (external reality, worldly experience, transitivity is important) = FIELD + logical (logical relationships in grammar + logical arrangement of ideas, parataxis and hypotaxis) - transitivity, tense, modification. Interpersonal Function of language - correct answers= TENOR (relationship between the participants, speech roles + mood, primary / secondary) - mood, modality (=illocutionary force), person. Textual Function of language - correct answers= MODE (text building-up function, constructing function, interweaving meaning, private X public, cohesion) - theme, voice (active, passive), determination. Register X Dialect - correct answersRegister: variety according to USE, we all command a variety of registers, based on the activity engaged in, different things in different situations, technical, institutional, grammar + lexis, situation calls for certain register, indexical ("once upon a time..."), closed X open register, action oriented - talk oriented. (*occupational, technical, institutional, etc.). Configuration of meanings that are typically associated with a particular situational configuration of F&T&M. Dialect: variety according to USERS, same things said differently, regional/social, gender, age, education, tells a story about the producer's background, phonology + lexis + grammar. Individual can go through life speaking in one dialect, but they will most likely use more registers. Sense of style (Crystal) - correct answersEvaluative: aesthetic/literary approach Descriptive: linguistic studies Shared feature: choice, you can only have a style if you have something to choose from. The element of choice only matters in the case of some pragmatic contrastive relationship. Kenyon (style) - correct answers2 cultural (education, cultivation) levels: Standard (cultivated, clear, grammatical) & Substandard (illiterate, ungrammatical, unskillful) 2 functional varieties (based on degree of familiarity, intimity): Formal & Familiar It's a spectrum, and both ends are equally valid. If we shift styles, we do so gradually. Huddleston & Pullum (style) - correct answersStandard & Non-standard dialect Formal & informal style Joos (style) - correct answers'The five clocks' - 'clock' meaning style or fashion. 4 scales in order of importance: AGE (the older the person the more it is expected from them to use formal language) - baby, child, teenager, mature, senile STYLE (clocks, register, formality scale, 5 different stylistic categories) - intimate/familiar, casual (friends, we don't have to explain everything, elliptical), consultative (public interaction, cooperation without integration), formal (politeness and distance, cohesion, logic), frozen (writing, strangers) BREATH OF EXPERIENCE RESPONSIBILITY Quirk's formality scale - correct answersRigid (oath of office) Formal (working relations) Normal (unmarked, acceptable in a great variety of contexts - vendor+customer, general conversation) Informal (with friends) Familiar (with a spouse) Greenbaum & Quirk - correct answersVarieties according to; FIELD: law, cooking MEDIUM (=mode, to some extent): spoken, written ATTITUDE (=style): formal, neutral, informal Havránek Standards of language - correct answersPLC: Functional styles = a concept relatively well defined and established within the community (concentration on communities rather then individuals) = functionalism & structuralism, Mathesius: individuální jednotící ráz záměrně provedeného díla (intentional & having a unifying effect) = Style. FUNCTIONS OF STANDARD: communicative - workaday technical - theoretical technical - aesthetic FUNCTIONAL DIALECTS: communicational - workaday - scientific - poetic FUNCTIONAL STYLES: According to purpose: matter-of-fact - persuasion - general (public/popular) explanatory - technical explanatory - codifying formulation According to manner: oral public - oral private - written private - written public Vachek - correct answersApproach to SUBJECT MATTER: regard to content (purely informative just casual links), content + form (simple communicative - complete & argumentative - justification), regard to from (formalist) Approach to RECIPIENT: plain, propagandists (biased, persuasion, manipulation) Approach to MEDIUM: written, spoken Vachek's approach to SUBJECT MATTER - correct answersfunctionalist approach content + form 1) Purely informative - ignore the form 2) Simple communicative (everything complete) + Argumentative (consistent, justification of views) - equal attention to content + form 3) Formalist - focus only on form at the expense of the content (poetry) Vachek's approach to RECIPIENT - correct answersPlain (non-persuasive) vs. Propagandist (Persuasive) Crystal & Davy (style) - correct answersCrystal focuses on an individual. Style = set of linguistic features which make people distinctive (bases of linguistic identity) - difference from the PLC (communities). Stylistic analysis = what are the features that identify the text form different points of view? There are stylistically neutral features = common-core (concord between subject and verb, plural forms, articles, afixes). Stylistic features are then realized grammatically, phonetically, lexically etc. Dimensions of situational constraints/situational variables; A - least informative, most stable, most permanent features, geographical area, regional variation/dialect: 1. individuality, 2. dialect (regional, social + gender, education, class), 3. time (diachronically - old/middle/modern English, or ontogenically - child/adult). B - discourse, largely non-linguistic = everybody recognizes them even though they might not know the language: