NR 283 Final Exam Exam Review Questions and
Correct Answers/ Latest Update / Already
Graded
What regulates the release of hormones?
feedback systems
Positive Feedback
tells a hormone to make more
Negative Feedback
stops making a hormone
Secreting Cells
what is pumped out of the cells (ADH released from the posterior pituitary
gland)
Receiving Cells
what cells the hormones target (ADH targets the kidney)
Why are hormones are released?
-altered cell environment (increases intake of glucose leads to a release
of insulin)
-maintaining levels of other hormones (cascades trigger the release of
other hormones, ex: TRH)
-neural control (autonomic NS - not in control)
Non-steroidal hormones
-water soluble, can float around blood stream with no issues since the
blood stream is made up of water, but cannot get through phospholipid
bilayer - which is why we need receptors on the cells and second
messengers (proteins that live inside the cells to help get the message to
the nucleus)
-ex: insulin: freely moves around bloodstream but has to connect with a
second messenger
Steroidal Hormones
,-lipid soluble, fatty hormones floating around bloodstream cannot float
around easily so they need carrier proteins to carry them. When they get
to the cell, they dont have any issues getting into the cell they can deliver
the message straight to the nucleus
ex: sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
regulation
refers to the receptivity of cells, how open is that cell to allow a hormone
in
Upregulation
if we starve a cell of a hormone, they will be much more likely to get a
hormone in
-this is why type II diabetes can be reversible, if the cells haven't seen
insulin in a while, the pancreas isn't overworking to pump out insulin
Downregulation
-happens with type II diabetes, have tons of glucose in bloodstream, in
response the pancreas (beta cells) pump out insulin, in a normal state the
pancreas is able to pump out insulin, but since there is so much excess
glucose in the blood, insulin comes to the cell receptor and they wont let
glucose in because they have become sensitized.Now it will take more
insulin to do the same job.
-also happens with narcotic addiction
Thyroid Cascade
thyroid hormone helps us make ATP, the target cells for thyroid hormone
is every cell in the body so it affects many things.
-need more ATP? positive feedback loop is started. Hypothalamus release
TRH which reaches pituitary gland and then releases TSH, TSH reaches
thyroid and the thyroid gland release TH and then goes to target cells (all
cells in the body), once we have enough, negative feedback loop is
initiated to stop making TRH
Cause of Endocrine Disorders
-autoimmune
-most common cause is a tumor on gland (pituitary)
-target cell resistance (type II diabetes)
, -congenital defect
-hyperplasia (increase in cell number - goiter)
Hyperthyroidism
(graves disease)
-only affects women, autoimmune
-body produces antibodies (normally fight infection), but this AB's instead
will go to the thyroid and will mimic the cascade. They tell the thyroid to
produce more thyroid hormone, even when negative feedback is taking
place
-Sx: exophalmos (bulging of the eyes caused by inflammation from cell
mediators), toxic goiter, symptoms are also due to everything speeding up
(hot because of increased metabolism which makes more ATP - ATP
releases heat, shaky: everything is moving fast through body, weight loss:
crazy fast metabolism, tachycardia, increased BP: thyroid hormone helps
maintain BP
-Tx: iodine (kill part of thyroid) or surgically remove part of thyroid
Hypothryoidism
-common, autoimmune
-thyroid does not make enough TH
- AB's are attacking the thyroid so it is not able to make as much TH
-usually affects women
-Sx: due to lowered metabolism, everything slows down. Cold: not making
a lot of ATP, super tired, apathy (disinterest)
-Tx: synthroid which acts as a superficial TH, easy treatment that has to be
regulated very closely as metabolism needs change
SIADH
-syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
-high levels of ADH (ADH helps keep water)
-if we have too much ADH, we have too much water in the blood stream,
end of with tons of water and not enough sodium
-hyponatremia: imbalance of water to salt, brain is super sensitive to this,
the brain will know that this is off
-problems happen from being in a hypo-osmolar state (not enough
Correct Answers/ Latest Update / Already
Graded
What regulates the release of hormones?
feedback systems
Positive Feedback
tells a hormone to make more
Negative Feedback
stops making a hormone
Secreting Cells
what is pumped out of the cells (ADH released from the posterior pituitary
gland)
Receiving Cells
what cells the hormones target (ADH targets the kidney)
Why are hormones are released?
-altered cell environment (increases intake of glucose leads to a release
of insulin)
-maintaining levels of other hormones (cascades trigger the release of
other hormones, ex: TRH)
-neural control (autonomic NS - not in control)
Non-steroidal hormones
-water soluble, can float around blood stream with no issues since the
blood stream is made up of water, but cannot get through phospholipid
bilayer - which is why we need receptors on the cells and second
messengers (proteins that live inside the cells to help get the message to
the nucleus)
-ex: insulin: freely moves around bloodstream but has to connect with a
second messenger
Steroidal Hormones
,-lipid soluble, fatty hormones floating around bloodstream cannot float
around easily so they need carrier proteins to carry them. When they get
to the cell, they dont have any issues getting into the cell they can deliver
the message straight to the nucleus
ex: sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
regulation
refers to the receptivity of cells, how open is that cell to allow a hormone
in
Upregulation
if we starve a cell of a hormone, they will be much more likely to get a
hormone in
-this is why type II diabetes can be reversible, if the cells haven't seen
insulin in a while, the pancreas isn't overworking to pump out insulin
Downregulation
-happens with type II diabetes, have tons of glucose in bloodstream, in
response the pancreas (beta cells) pump out insulin, in a normal state the
pancreas is able to pump out insulin, but since there is so much excess
glucose in the blood, insulin comes to the cell receptor and they wont let
glucose in because they have become sensitized.Now it will take more
insulin to do the same job.
-also happens with narcotic addiction
Thyroid Cascade
thyroid hormone helps us make ATP, the target cells for thyroid hormone
is every cell in the body so it affects many things.
-need more ATP? positive feedback loop is started. Hypothalamus release
TRH which reaches pituitary gland and then releases TSH, TSH reaches
thyroid and the thyroid gland release TH and then goes to target cells (all
cells in the body), once we have enough, negative feedback loop is
initiated to stop making TRH
Cause of Endocrine Disorders
-autoimmune
-most common cause is a tumor on gland (pituitary)
-target cell resistance (type II diabetes)
, -congenital defect
-hyperplasia (increase in cell number - goiter)
Hyperthyroidism
(graves disease)
-only affects women, autoimmune
-body produces antibodies (normally fight infection), but this AB's instead
will go to the thyroid and will mimic the cascade. They tell the thyroid to
produce more thyroid hormone, even when negative feedback is taking
place
-Sx: exophalmos (bulging of the eyes caused by inflammation from cell
mediators), toxic goiter, symptoms are also due to everything speeding up
(hot because of increased metabolism which makes more ATP - ATP
releases heat, shaky: everything is moving fast through body, weight loss:
crazy fast metabolism, tachycardia, increased BP: thyroid hormone helps
maintain BP
-Tx: iodine (kill part of thyroid) or surgically remove part of thyroid
Hypothryoidism
-common, autoimmune
-thyroid does not make enough TH
- AB's are attacking the thyroid so it is not able to make as much TH
-usually affects women
-Sx: due to lowered metabolism, everything slows down. Cold: not making
a lot of ATP, super tired, apathy (disinterest)
-Tx: synthroid which acts as a superficial TH, easy treatment that has to be
regulated very closely as metabolism needs change
SIADH
-syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
-high levels of ADH (ADH helps keep water)
-if we have too much ADH, we have too much water in the blood stream,
end of with tons of water and not enough sodium
-hyponatremia: imbalance of water to salt, brain is super sensitive to this,
the brain will know that this is off
-problems happen from being in a hypo-osmolar state (not enough
