NURS6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
–MIDTERM PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
PLUS RATIONALES 2026 Q&A | INSTANT
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1. Which mechanism best explains cellular edema during
hypoxia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Failure of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Enhanced mitochondrial respiration
Failure of the sodium-potassium pump causes sodium and
water influx, leading to cell swelling.
2. Which type of cell injury is reversible?
A. Nuclear fragmentation
B. Lysosomal rupture
C. Cellular swelling
D. Membrane phospholipid degradation
,Cellular swelling is an early and reversible response to injury.
3. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Is energy-dependent
C. Results from severe trauma
D. Always involves cell lysis
Apoptosis is a regulated, ATP-dependent process without
inflammation.
4. Which ion imbalance primarily contributes to reperfusion
injury?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Chloride
Excess intracellular calcium activates destructive enzymes
during reperfusion.
5. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause cell damage by:
A. Enhancing ATP synthesis
B. Improving membrane integrity
,C. Lipid peroxidation
D. Stabilizing DNA
ROS damage membranes by initiating lipid peroxidation.
6. Which cytokine is most strongly pro-inflammatory?
A. IL-10
B. TNF-α
C. TGF-β
D. IL-4
TNF-α amplifies inflammatory responses and endothelial
activation.
7. Chronic inflammation increases cancer risk due to:
A. Apoptosis induction
B. Persistent cell proliferation
C. Reduced DNA mutation
D. Decreased angiogenesis
Ongoing inflammation increases mutation risk through
repeated cell turnover.
8. Which mediator is responsible for vasodilation in acute
inflammation?
, A. Fibrin
B. Leukotrienes
C. Histamine
D. Platelet-activating factor
Histamine causes rapid vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability.
9. Which laboratory marker is most specific for myocardial
infarction?
A. CK-MB
B. Troponin I
C. Myoglobin
D. LDH
Troponin I is highly specific and remains elevated longer.
10. Which condition is caused by immune complex
deposition?
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type III hypersensitivity
C. Type IV hypersensitivity
D. Autoimmunity
Type III reactions involve antigen-antibody complexes.
–MIDTERM PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
PLUS RATIONALES 2026 Q&A | INSTANT
DOWNLOAD PDF
1. Which mechanism best explains cellular edema during
hypoxia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Failure of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Enhanced mitochondrial respiration
Failure of the sodium-potassium pump causes sodium and
water influx, leading to cell swelling.
2. Which type of cell injury is reversible?
A. Nuclear fragmentation
B. Lysosomal rupture
C. Cellular swelling
D. Membrane phospholipid degradation
,Cellular swelling is an early and reversible response to injury.
3. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Is energy-dependent
C. Results from severe trauma
D. Always involves cell lysis
Apoptosis is a regulated, ATP-dependent process without
inflammation.
4. Which ion imbalance primarily contributes to reperfusion
injury?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Chloride
Excess intracellular calcium activates destructive enzymes
during reperfusion.
5. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause cell damage by:
A. Enhancing ATP synthesis
B. Improving membrane integrity
,C. Lipid peroxidation
D. Stabilizing DNA
ROS damage membranes by initiating lipid peroxidation.
6. Which cytokine is most strongly pro-inflammatory?
A. IL-10
B. TNF-α
C. TGF-β
D. IL-4
TNF-α amplifies inflammatory responses and endothelial
activation.
7. Chronic inflammation increases cancer risk due to:
A. Apoptosis induction
B. Persistent cell proliferation
C. Reduced DNA mutation
D. Decreased angiogenesis
Ongoing inflammation increases mutation risk through
repeated cell turnover.
8. Which mediator is responsible for vasodilation in acute
inflammation?
, A. Fibrin
B. Leukotrienes
C. Histamine
D. Platelet-activating factor
Histamine causes rapid vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability.
9. Which laboratory marker is most specific for myocardial
infarction?
A. CK-MB
B. Troponin I
C. Myoglobin
D. LDH
Troponin I is highly specific and remains elevated longer.
10. Which condition is caused by immune complex
deposition?
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type III hypersensitivity
C. Type IV hypersensitivity
D. Autoimmunity
Type III reactions involve antigen-antibody complexes.
