NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
– PRACTICE EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
PLUS RATIONALES 2026 Q&A | INSTANT
DOWNLOAD PDF
1. Which type of cell injury is caused by hypoxia?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Ischemic injury
D. Autophagy
Rationale: Hypoxia, or lack of oxygen, leads to ischemic injury
which disrupts ATP production and causes cellular dysfunction.
2. A patient develops cellular swelling. This is an example of:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Reversible cell injury
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Cellular swelling occurs when cells cannot maintain
ionic and fluid balance, a hallmark of reversible cell injury.
,3. Which of the following is a hallmark of apoptosis?
A. Inflammation
B. Cell lysis
C. Programmed cell death
D. Necrosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated, programmed process of
cell death that does not typically provoke inflammation.
4. In which type of necrosis is tissue characterized by a soft,
cheese-like appearance?
A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is often associated with
tuberculosis and presents as soft, friable, cheese-like tissue.
5. The primary mechanism of injury in ischemia-reperfusion
injury is:
A. ATP depletion
B. Free radical formation
,C. Calcium influx
D. Lysosomal rupture
Rationale: Reperfusion introduces oxygen that interacts with
damaged tissues, producing reactive oxygen species (free
radicals) that exacerbate injury.
6. Hypertrophy is best defined as:
A. Increase in cell number
B. Increase in cell size
C. Change in cell type
D. Decrease in cell function
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an adaptive response where existing
cells enlarge to increase tissue mass.
7. Which type of cellular adaptation is seen in chronic GERD in
the esophagus?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
, Rationale: In Barrett’s esophagus, squamous epithelium
transforms into columnar epithelium as an adaptive response
to chronic acid exposure.
8. Which electrolyte is most critical in maintaining resting
membrane potential?
A. Sodium
B. Calcium
C. Potassium
D. Chloride
Rationale: Potassium is the main intracellular cation that sets
the resting membrane potential; disturbances can cause
cardiac and neuromuscular dysfunction.
9. The hallmark of reversible injury in mitochondria is:
A. Membrane rupture
B. Swelling
C. Calcium deposition
D. Nuclear pyknosis
Rationale: Mitochondrial swelling is an early sign of reversible
injury due to impaired ATP production and osmotic balance.
– PRACTICE EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
PLUS RATIONALES 2026 Q&A | INSTANT
DOWNLOAD PDF
1. Which type of cell injury is caused by hypoxia?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Ischemic injury
D. Autophagy
Rationale: Hypoxia, or lack of oxygen, leads to ischemic injury
which disrupts ATP production and causes cellular dysfunction.
2. A patient develops cellular swelling. This is an example of:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Reversible cell injury
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Cellular swelling occurs when cells cannot maintain
ionic and fluid balance, a hallmark of reversible cell injury.
,3. Which of the following is a hallmark of apoptosis?
A. Inflammation
B. Cell lysis
C. Programmed cell death
D. Necrosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated, programmed process of
cell death that does not typically provoke inflammation.
4. In which type of necrosis is tissue characterized by a soft,
cheese-like appearance?
A. Coagulative
B. Liquefactive
C. Caseous
D. Fat
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is often associated with
tuberculosis and presents as soft, friable, cheese-like tissue.
5. The primary mechanism of injury in ischemia-reperfusion
injury is:
A. ATP depletion
B. Free radical formation
,C. Calcium influx
D. Lysosomal rupture
Rationale: Reperfusion introduces oxygen that interacts with
damaged tissues, producing reactive oxygen species (free
radicals) that exacerbate injury.
6. Hypertrophy is best defined as:
A. Increase in cell number
B. Increase in cell size
C. Change in cell type
D. Decrease in cell function
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an adaptive response where existing
cells enlarge to increase tissue mass.
7. Which type of cellular adaptation is seen in chronic GERD in
the esophagus?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
, Rationale: In Barrett’s esophagus, squamous epithelium
transforms into columnar epithelium as an adaptive response
to chronic acid exposure.
8. Which electrolyte is most critical in maintaining resting
membrane potential?
A. Sodium
B. Calcium
C. Potassium
D. Chloride
Rationale: Potassium is the main intracellular cation that sets
the resting membrane potential; disturbances can cause
cardiac and neuromuscular dysfunction.
9. The hallmark of reversible injury in mitochondria is:
A. Membrane rupture
B. Swelling
C. Calcium deposition
D. Nuclear pyknosis
Rationale: Mitochondrial swelling is an early sign of reversible
injury due to impaired ATP production and osmotic balance.
