WGU D027 COURSE MATERIAL
Questions and Answers
1.Which of the following is not a cellular function?
Answer Combustion -
All living cells must absorb and metabolize sources of energy, excrete
waste and by-products of those processes, and reproduce to continue
offspring. Pyrotechnic processes (i.e. combustion) are generally
metaphorical.
2.What are mitochondria responsible for?
Answer Energy production -
Mitochondria are the energy production organelles of the cell
responsible for the major metabolic processes of creating units of
energy (e.g., ATP).
3.Which if the following can cause edema?
Answer Increased lymphatic pressure - Decreased vascular and
lymphatic pressure does not generally result in the move- ment and
accumulation of fluid into extravascular spaces. Increased plasma pres-
sure in the vascular results in hypertension, while increased lymphatic
pressure will readily result in the pooling of lymphatic drainage into
third spaces (i.e. edema).
4.Which of the following best describes the result of cellular reproduction?
Answer -
Two diploid cells, called daughter cells, are produced -
The resultant offspring of cellular reproduction is the creation of two
daughter cells after the completion of mitosis or meiosis. Interphase is
the longest period that a cell spends its life cycle and is the preparatory
stage before cellular reproduction. Anaphase is the separation of
,genetic materials to the opposing centromeres of the cell, followed by
telophase.
5.What indicates hypokalemia?
Answer Serum K decreases to less than 3.5 -
Normal serum potassium (K), also known as eukalemia, is generally 3.5-
5.5 mEq/L, with some variations of +/- 0.1-0.3 mEq/L depending on the
laboratory testing, age, and other potential patient-specific conditions
and variations. Alterations in fluid volume or the administration of a
supplement alone do not necessarily contribute to the development of
hypokalemia.
6.What is an example of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
Answer Uterine enlarge- ment due to pregnancy -
Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells of an organ or tissue,
while hypertrophy is the enlargement of the cells of a given organ or
tissue without a change in the number of cells. Muscle cells grow and
enlarge (hypertrophy) in response to increased work or stress from
exercise or increased cardiovascular pressures. When a liver is damaged
or part of it is removed, it is the one internal solid organ capable of
regeneration to repair itself creating more cells (hyperplasia). During
pregnancy, the uterus must both grow to create more cells and enlarge
those existing cells in preparation for the support of a fetus.
7.What regulates the sodium balance?
Answer Aldosterone -
Aldosterone is a regulatory hormone produced by the adrenal glands to
affect the kidneys' regulation of sodium, potassium, and water excretion
8.What is the alteration if the extracellular fluid volume is less than normal?-
Answer Hypotonic -
,In hypotonic states, the cell size is increased as a result of water moving
from the extracellular fluid (ECF) into the cell to increase intracellular
fluid. Iso- or normotonic states are a balanced state between intra- and
extracellular fluid volumes. Hyper- tonic states cause water to shift out o
the cell to increase the ECF above normal.
9.When in excess, what do buffers absorb?
Answer Hydrogen -
Excesses of acid or base, H+ or hydroxyl ion (OH ), are absorbed for th
purpose of maintaining pH homeostasis (pH of 7.38-7.42)
10.Which of the following would a patient with metabolic acidosis have?
Answer pH below 7.35; Bicarbonate level below 22 mEq/L -
The diagnosis of metabolic acidosis requires that the testing of arterial
blood finds that the pH is less than 7.35 and the bicarbonate level is less
than 22 mEq/L.
11.What is the process by which RNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides?
Answer Translation -
Translation refers to this process. Transcription is another process in
which RNA is synthesized. Mutation means genetic material has been
modified through inheri- tance. Creation is a term that does not apply in
this context.
12.What is the recurrence rate for autosomal dominant disease?
Answer 50% -
For a couple in which one or both partners are affected by the disease,
the chance of each child being heterozygous affected is 50%.
13.Which of the following statements is true about autosomal recessive
dis- ease?
Answer It affects both men and women equally -
, A criterion for recognizing the inheritance of an autosomal recessive
disease is that men and women will be affected by it in equal measure.
14.What is the proportion of the population affected by a disease at
the specific point in time?
Answer Prevalence rate -
Incidence rate refers to how many new cases there are of a disease
within a period of time divided by the number of the population's
individuals. The prevalence rate is affected by the incidence rate and
how long the affected patients survive. Risk factor is anything that
could lead to disease. Relative risk is the measure of a risk factor effect.
15.Which of the following should be completed when a disease is
multifacto- rial but has a larger genetic component?
Answer Get a thorough family history - Environment and lifestyle
choices may influence a disease, but diseases such as breast cancer
are hereditary, so the family history should be reviewed.
16.Which action is the purpose of the inflammatory process?
Answer To destroy foreign, invasive microorganisms -
The general purpose of inflammation is to initiate the destruction of
foreign or
invasive organisms. As a secondary effect, it increases the healing and
immune response processes of the body.
17.What causes edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
Answer In- creased vascular permeability -
Increased pressure in the vasculature secondary to the vasodilatory
effects of inflammation will result in the leakage of fluid into third
spaces (i.e., edema).
Previousquestion
Questions and Answers
1.Which of the following is not a cellular function?
Answer Combustion -
All living cells must absorb and metabolize sources of energy, excrete
waste and by-products of those processes, and reproduce to continue
offspring. Pyrotechnic processes (i.e. combustion) are generally
metaphorical.
2.What are mitochondria responsible for?
Answer Energy production -
Mitochondria are the energy production organelles of the cell
responsible for the major metabolic processes of creating units of
energy (e.g., ATP).
3.Which if the following can cause edema?
Answer Increased lymphatic pressure - Decreased vascular and
lymphatic pressure does not generally result in the move- ment and
accumulation of fluid into extravascular spaces. Increased plasma pres-
sure in the vascular results in hypertension, while increased lymphatic
pressure will readily result in the pooling of lymphatic drainage into
third spaces (i.e. edema).
4.Which of the following best describes the result of cellular reproduction?
Answer -
Two diploid cells, called daughter cells, are produced -
The resultant offspring of cellular reproduction is the creation of two
daughter cells after the completion of mitosis or meiosis. Interphase is
the longest period that a cell spends its life cycle and is the preparatory
stage before cellular reproduction. Anaphase is the separation of
,genetic materials to the opposing centromeres of the cell, followed by
telophase.
5.What indicates hypokalemia?
Answer Serum K decreases to less than 3.5 -
Normal serum potassium (K), also known as eukalemia, is generally 3.5-
5.5 mEq/L, with some variations of +/- 0.1-0.3 mEq/L depending on the
laboratory testing, age, and other potential patient-specific conditions
and variations. Alterations in fluid volume or the administration of a
supplement alone do not necessarily contribute to the development of
hypokalemia.
6.What is an example of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
Answer Uterine enlarge- ment due to pregnancy -
Hyperplasia is the increase in the number of cells of an organ or tissue,
while hypertrophy is the enlargement of the cells of a given organ or
tissue without a change in the number of cells. Muscle cells grow and
enlarge (hypertrophy) in response to increased work or stress from
exercise or increased cardiovascular pressures. When a liver is damaged
or part of it is removed, it is the one internal solid organ capable of
regeneration to repair itself creating more cells (hyperplasia). During
pregnancy, the uterus must both grow to create more cells and enlarge
those existing cells in preparation for the support of a fetus.
7.What regulates the sodium balance?
Answer Aldosterone -
Aldosterone is a regulatory hormone produced by the adrenal glands to
affect the kidneys' regulation of sodium, potassium, and water excretion
8.What is the alteration if the extracellular fluid volume is less than normal?-
Answer Hypotonic -
,In hypotonic states, the cell size is increased as a result of water moving
from the extracellular fluid (ECF) into the cell to increase intracellular
fluid. Iso- or normotonic states are a balanced state between intra- and
extracellular fluid volumes. Hyper- tonic states cause water to shift out o
the cell to increase the ECF above normal.
9.When in excess, what do buffers absorb?
Answer Hydrogen -
Excesses of acid or base, H+ or hydroxyl ion (OH ), are absorbed for th
purpose of maintaining pH homeostasis (pH of 7.38-7.42)
10.Which of the following would a patient with metabolic acidosis have?
Answer pH below 7.35; Bicarbonate level below 22 mEq/L -
The diagnosis of metabolic acidosis requires that the testing of arterial
blood finds that the pH is less than 7.35 and the bicarbonate level is less
than 22 mEq/L.
11.What is the process by which RNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides?
Answer Translation -
Translation refers to this process. Transcription is another process in
which RNA is synthesized. Mutation means genetic material has been
modified through inheri- tance. Creation is a term that does not apply in
this context.
12.What is the recurrence rate for autosomal dominant disease?
Answer 50% -
For a couple in which one or both partners are affected by the disease,
the chance of each child being heterozygous affected is 50%.
13.Which of the following statements is true about autosomal recessive
dis- ease?
Answer It affects both men and women equally -
, A criterion for recognizing the inheritance of an autosomal recessive
disease is that men and women will be affected by it in equal measure.
14.What is the proportion of the population affected by a disease at
the specific point in time?
Answer Prevalence rate -
Incidence rate refers to how many new cases there are of a disease
within a period of time divided by the number of the population's
individuals. The prevalence rate is affected by the incidence rate and
how long the affected patients survive. Risk factor is anything that
could lead to disease. Relative risk is the measure of a risk factor effect.
15.Which of the following should be completed when a disease is
multifacto- rial but has a larger genetic component?
Answer Get a thorough family history - Environment and lifestyle
choices may influence a disease, but diseases such as breast cancer
are hereditary, so the family history should be reviewed.
16.Which action is the purpose of the inflammatory process?
Answer To destroy foreign, invasive microorganisms -
The general purpose of inflammation is to initiate the destruction of
foreign or
invasive organisms. As a secondary effect, it increases the healing and
immune response processes of the body.
17.What causes edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
Answer In- creased vascular permeability -
Increased pressure in the vasculature secondary to the vasodilatory
effects of inflammation will result in the leakage of fluid into third
spaces (i.e., edema).
Previousquestion
